to what degree was antebellum reform international in scope02 Apr to what degree was antebellum reform international in scope
Channings 1819 Unitarian Christianity sermon, which outlined many of the core beliefs of the new American sect, such as a belief in human goodness and rejection of the Trinity, inspired many churches to adopt Unitarianism. Complete the given sentence: Cross-price elasticity of demand measures how ___. They were subsequently executed. Many of the congregants were literate, including Vesey himself. White abolitionists tended to see free and slave as two polar opposites; black abolitionists knew that there were varying degrees of freedom and slavery. Moreover, they said, white preachers professed a different message to white and black congregations. The Society grew quickly and soon had spread across the country. Each of these movements worked for freedom and emancipation and to grant a greater body of rights to two of the groups on the periphery of American society. They worked tirelessly to promote the ideals of liberty, equality, and justice for all. The driving force behind the Latter Day Saint movement was its founder, Joseph Smith, Jr. The idea that social ills once considered incurable could in fact be eliminated. \text{Cash}& \$ 100,000 &\$ 200,000\\ Ministers such as Connecticut Presbyterian Lyman Beecher also spoke out against alcohol as a societal evil. \text{Equipment Mortgage Indebtedness}& 332,000 &1,300,000\\ (Problem 10), REVENUESSales$13,920,000GainonSaleofMachineryandEquipment200,000EquityinEarningsofAffiliates:ChicagoFinanceCorporation$1,800,000RosenwaldCompany125,000HutchinsonCompany75,0002,000,000TotalRevenues$16,120,000EXPENSESCostofGoodsSold$5,000,000EmployeePayrollExpense3,000,000DepreciationofPlantandEquipmentandAmortizationofLeasedPropertyRights1,000,000AmortizationofPatent125,000BadDebtExpense120,000InterestExpense455,000GeneralCorporateExpenses420,000IncomeTaxesCurrent1,430,000IncomeTaxesDeferred170,000TotalExpenses$11,720,000NetIncome$4,400,000Less:DividendsonPreferredShares(120,000)DividendsonCommonShares(2,080,000)IncreaseinRetainedEarnings$2,200,000RetainedEarnings,December31,20122,800,000RetainedEarnings,December31,2013$5,000,000BasicEarningsperCommonShare(Basedon1,600,000AverageSharesOutstanding)$2.68DilutedEarningsperShare(AssumingConversionofPreferredStock)$2.20\begin{array}{lrr} The antebellum period of America was an era of change. In 1837, Angelina wrote to William Lloyd Garrisons The Liberator. Much of this burst of creative energy was inspired by the work of Charles Finney. To what degree was antebellum reform international in scope? In later years, the Society provided the founding impetus to the Liberty Party, a political party with an abolitionist platform. In 1836, when abolitionists began to flood Washington with petitions calling for emancipation in the nation's capital, the House of Representatives adopted the notorious "gag rule," which prohibited their consideration. In addition to cotton, the great commodity of the antebellum South was human chattel. Learn about temperance and abolition and . \quad\text{Preferred Stock)}&& \$ 2.20\\ \text{Equity in Earnings of Affiliates:}\\ The end of slavery would come about gradually under this ideal. Moreover, cultural, social, and political tensions arose between the foreign American population and the local population in Liberia. \text{Machinery and Equipment}& 8,000,000 &7,300,000\\ Teachers tend to be so . Moreover, the rising numbers of immigrants in the northeast combined with near-universal white male suffrage convinced cities and states that education was essential to maintain a democracy. One means of teaching these values was through the series McGuffeys Readers, a series of texts that taught not only spelling and vocabulary, but also punctuality, frugality, and temperance. Dubbed by historians, one of 100 or so reform communities that were established before the Civil War. What is the difference between the waterfall approach and agile project management? \text{General Corporate Expenses} &&420,000\\ \text{REVENUES}\\ When women joined in the abolition movement arguments, they began to realize and become concerned over their own rights. The emerging American middle class participated in reform not only for religious reasons, but also to confirm their new social status. \text{Retained Earnings, December 31, 2013}&& \$ 5,000,000\\ It was characterized by the rise of abolition and the gradual polarization of the . \textbf{Current Liabilities}\\ Concept that empowered the women's movement to develop an all-encompassing critique of male authority and their own subordination. Mainly, it had drastically weakened the ties that bound . \text{Accounts Receivable (Net of Estimated Uncollectibles}\\ \text{Hutchinson Company (25\\\% Owned)} &175,000 &100,000\\ In 1816, proponents of colonization of freed slaves founded this society, which promoted the gradual abolition of slavery and the settlement of black Americans in Africa. The years after the War of 1812 brought a re-examination of American religious beliefs and their roles in society. In the spring of 1841, Dix visited a Cambridge jail in order to teach Sunday school for a group of women inmates. Yet for the slave and free black communities, the movements message inspired several rebellions as a call to freedom. The movement began in Europe in the 1700s with the growth of the Baptist movement and the foundation of the Methodist church. In the spirit of the Enlightenment, Unitarians held that theological ideology should be subject to rational thought and reason; Channing preached that my rational nature is from God. Unitarians attested to the oneness of God. As strict monotheists, Unitarians viewed Jesus as a saintly man, but not divine. \text{Additional Paid-In Capital}& 3,000,000 &2,400,000\\ The Antebellum Era was the first of four major reform periods in American history. What might the cost be in dollars? \quad\text{Total Property, Plant, and Equipment}& \$10,000,000 &\$ 9,400,000\\ Baptists and Methodists preached that all could achieve salvation and that all people were equal before God. Prisons existed not to rehabilitate criminals for their eventual return to society but to house them until the time that they would be punished, most often by fines, public whipping, or execution, also a public spectacle. Veseys conspiracy showed that religion could be used as a weapon against slavery. As a result, some African American congregants left the evangelical churches because of racial discrimination or because they were barred from leadership positions within the church and founded their own evangelical denominations, such as the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) church. d. 12.0012.0012.00 ASSETSCurrentAssetsCashCertificateofDepositAccountsReceivable(NetofEstimatedUncollectiblesof$100,000in2012and$160,000in2013)MerchandiseInventoryPrepaymentsTotalCurrentAssetsInvestmentsChicagoFinanceCorporation(40%Owned)RosenwaldCompany(50%Owned)HutchinsonCompany(25%Owned)TotalInvestmentsProperty,Plant,andEquipmentLandBuildingMachineryandEquipmentPropertyRightsAcquiredUnderLeaseTotalLessAccumulatedDepreciationandAmortizationTotalProperty,Plant,andEquipmentIntangibles(atNetCarryingValue)PatentGoodwillTotalIntangiblesTotalAssetsLIABILITIESANDSHAREHOLDERSEQUITYCurrentLiabilitiesAccountsPayableAdvancesfromCustomersSalariesPayableIncomeTaxesPayableRentReceivedinAdvanceOtherCurrentLiabilitiesTotalCurrentLiabilitiesLong-TermDebtBondsPayableEquipmentMortgageIndebtednessCapitalizedLeaseObligationTotalLong-TermDebtDeferredTaxLiabilityShareholdersEquityConvertiblePreferredStockCommonStockAdditionalPaid-InCapitalRetainedEarningsTotalLessCostofTreasurySharesTotalShareholdersEquityTotalLiabilitiesandShareholdersEquity$100,000225,000600,0001,800,000200,000$2,925,000$4,000,0001,025,000175,000$5,200,000$500,0004,000,0008,000,0001,500,000$14,000,000(4,000,000)$10,000,000$750,0001,125,000$1,875,000$20,000,000$550,000640,000300,000430,00050,000460,000$2,430,000$3,648,000332,0001,020,000$5,000,000$1,570,000$2,000,0002,000,0003,000,0005,000,000$12,000,000(1,000,000)$11,000,000$20,000,000$200,000500,0001,500,000200,000$2,400,000$2,200,000900,000100,000$3,200,000$400,0004,000,0007,300,0001,500,000$13,200,000(3,800,000)$9,400,000$875,0001,125,000$2,000,000$17,000,000$400,000660,000240,000300,000200,000$1,800,000$3,600,0001,300,0001,100,000$6,000,000$1,400,000$2,000,0002,000,0002,400,0002,800,000$9,200,000(1,400,000)$7,800,000$17,000,000. \text{Property Rights Acquired Under Lease}&1,500,000 &1,500,000\\ Kentucky Congressional representative Henry Clay argued for colonization because of the unconquerable prejudice against blacks in the United States. Calvinism, which taught that only an elect few Christians would be saved, lost much of its appeal; Americans instead turned to a relatively new kind of Christianity, evangelicalism. - militant abolitionism where a new generation of reformers rejected the traditional approach of gradual emancipation and demanded immediate abolition. Preachers and believers all over the country saw humankind and society as good and perfectible, able to improve and strive to become more like God. If they openly challenged the institution of slavery, slave owners would not allow their slaves to attend revival meetings or to hear the message. Some, like Garrison, favored fiery calls and no moderation; at a rally in 1854, Garrison asserted that there could be no union with slaveholders and called the U.S. Constitution as the document that perpetuated slavery a covenant with death and an agreement with Hell. Others were convinced that their best strategy was to convince the public that slavery was a sin. \text{Less: Dividends on Preferred Shares}&&(120,000)\\ \text{Retained Earnings}& 5,000,000 &2,800,000\\ The Unitarian church shared the optimism of the Second Great Awakening. Such music remained after the revival and itinerant preacher were long gone. In the 1800's a woman 'Belonged' to a man on marriage. \text{Goodwill}& 1,125,000& 1,125,000\\ \text{Patent}& \$ 750,000 &\$ 875,000\\ According to many antebellum reformers, intemperance (drunkenness) stood as the most troubling problem in the United States, one that eroded morality, Christianity, and played a starring role in corrupting American democracy. What were the major tactics of antebellum reform? To understand it fully, however, one must consider its origins. Although neither group saw their causes ultimate goals achieved during the era of reform, each movement saw great advances. Others simply tempered their message of spiritual equality and did not overtly challenge slavery. The earliest womens colleges were founded in the 1830s: the Georgia Female College in Macon, Georgia (now Wesleyan College), founded in 1836, and Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in South Hadley, Massachusetts (Now Mount Holyoke College), founded in 1837. \text{Chicago Finance Corporation (40\\\% Owned)}& \$ 4,000,000 &\$ 2,200,000\\ The abolitionist emblem - a portrait of a slave in chains coupled with the motto "Am I Not a Man and a Brother?" In part, this was achieved by a certain theatricality of preaching. Consolidated Statement of Income and Rumors spread across the South that the rebellion was not limited to Virginia; more African Americans were killed or arrested in Alabama, Virginia, and in other slaveholding states. "In the history of the world," Ralph Waldo Emerson declared in 1841, "the doctrine of Reform had never such scope as at the present hour." Not much a joiner of causes himself, Emerson had in mind a remarkable flowering of reform movements from roughly 1815 until the Civil War that were striking to observers at the time and to historians ever since for their energy, variety, and . Slavery was the cornerstone of the southern economy. The exhibits present a partial set of financial statements of Chicago Corporation for 2013, including a consolidated statement of income and retained earnings for 2013 and consolidated comparative balance sheets at December 31, 2012 and 2013. Today, the influence of the Restoration Movement is seen in the Church of Christ and the Disciples of Christ churches. The meetings typically lasted three to five days and were meant to reawaken or revive ones religious faith through an intense, emotional experience. \text{Income TaxesCurrent}&& 1,430,000\\ Turner, who claimed to have experienced religious visions inspired by the Holy Spirit, used Biblical passages and his account of the visions to recruit more than seventy followers, both slave and free blacks, and incite rebellion. The antebellum women participated in the public sphere with their own groups that they made themselves after being excluded from government and politics. \quad\text{Total Revenues}&& \$16,120,000\\ The Grimk sisters, Sarah and Angelina, spoke out against the system of slavery in many forums. What is your opinion on this question: "Should the national government distribute money to states with "no strings attached," or should the grant have stipulations?" Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. By the 1820s, the Methodist and Baptist churches were the largest evangelical denominations. Two of the most significant reform movements to come out of the reform period of 1820-1840 were the anti-slavery movement and the womens rights movement. Legal. Give Me Liberty! ) In 1828, his Likeness to God sermon argued that true religion is marked by the believer becoming more and more like God. Many were pacifists, who believed that coercion should be eliminated from all human relationships and institutions. In the first issue of the Liberator, he made a public apology for ever advocating a gradual end to slavery and called for its immediate end. To what degree was antebellum reform international in scope? The sisters spoke before state legislations and were among the first women to speak in public forums before mixed sex groups. - moral suasion through speeches and literature. \text{Employee Payroll Expense}&& 3,000,000\\ Eventually, however, he was captured, tried, and executed. Revivalist preachers traveled on horseback, sharing the message of spiritual and moral renewal to as many as possible. The basic message was that salvation was something anyone could achieve: ordinary people could choose salvation through personal experience and living a righteous life. The creation of asylums, for criminals and for the mentally ill, was society's reaction to the overcrowded and inhumane state that . He planned his revivals in great detail as a kind of popular spectacle as well as an event that inspired religious reform. 14 A New Birth Of Freedom, Give Me Liberty Ch. In the early nineteenth century, a succession of religious revivals collectively known as the Second Great Awakening remade the nation's religious landscape. These communities differed greatly in structure and motivation. However, abolitionism developed significantly over the 1800s. Finally, asylums were established for treatment and housing the mentally ill. Dorothea Lynde Dix was instrumental in the reform effort that established state mental asylums. Public education proved to be most accessible in the more urbanized northeast; in the rural, more agricultural regions of the south and west, school reform was not as effectively implemented. Before the early 1800s, education for most Americans was very basic. Camp meetings were a new form of religious expression for the United States. Unitarians stressed the inherent goodness of humankind. For example, as Frederick Douglass rose to prominence as an orator in the abolitionist movement, he began speaking not only of his life as a slave, but also analyzing abolitionist policies. One of the most widespread of the reform movements in the 1820s-1840s was the temperance movement, which called for reducing the use of (or abstaining from) alcoholic beverages. The womens rights movement did not attract broad support among women or men during the antebellum era. Book: United States History to 1877 (Locks et al. \text{Convertible Preferred Stock}& \$ 2,000,000 &\$ 2,000,000\\ For most, this meant a few months of schooling a year in a one-room rural schoolhouse. This page titled 13.3: American Antebellum Reform is shared under a CC BY-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Catherine Locks, Sarah Mergel, Pamela Roseman, Tamara Spike & Marie Lasseter (GALILEO Open Learning Materials) via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. Unlike other reform movements, womens rights challenged the notion of separate spheres and the idea of true womanhood. Historians Ellen Carol DuBois and Lynn Dumenil argue that womens rights challenged the most basic idea of true womanhoodthe selfless nature of womenbecause womens rights advocacy led women to insist that they had the same claim on individual rights to life, liberty, property, and happiness as men. The work to achieve the vote made no substantive progress in the antebellum period. Old patterns were breaking down, and many felt that the country had become a moral vacuum. Urbanization and immigration also provided a new concentration of the poor. Others worked to make basic education available to all or sought to improve conditions in prisons and asylums. Turner was a literate, deeply religious man born into slavery in Southampton County, Virginia. Hudson River school of art: Americans painters also sought to achieve a sense of nationality in art. \text{Land}& \$ 500,000 &\$ 400,000\\ Retained Earnings for 2013 For example, Virginia passed legislation making it illegal to teach slaves, free blacks, or mulattoes to read or write. Early nineteenth-century, most children were educated in locally supported schools and many had no access to learning at all. But one of the greatest frustrations that many black abolitionists faced was the racism they sometimes experienced from their fellow white abolitionists. Antebellum Reforms: A Women's Rights Movement. For some women, church membership and the new Christian message offered more personal power and greater personal freedom, as becoming active in the church was considered to be acceptable feminine conduct. The Antebellum Period in American history is generally considered to be the period before the Civil War and after the War of 1812, although some historians expand it to all the years from the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 to the beginning of the Civil War. Oberlin College in Oberlin, Ohio became the first co-educational institution when it admitted four women in 1837. The movements shared a common support base: many abolitionists supported or were active in the womens rights movement, or vice versa. Workhouses were established to keep the poor from drunkenness, idleness, and gambling. In 1821, the ACS helped to establish the colony of Liberia on the west coast of Africa and assisted some 13,000 slaves and free blacks to emigrate to the colony. \text{Basic Earnings per Common Share (Based on 1,600,000} \\ In the South, the Second Great Awakening fomented rebellion in the slave community. Antebellum culture in America reflected the growing sectional crisis, at times seeking to pave over sectional differences and at other times making light of them. Slower Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, January 28, 1919 Download image resource Description The 18th Amendment to the Constitution, ratified in 1919, banned the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages in the United States. No Preference The daughters of a prominent slave owner, they spoke of their personal knowledge and experience of the system. In 1833, Garrison was among the group that founded the American Anti-Slavery Society. In late August of 1831, Turner and his followers launched the rebellion. Kelly later wrote of her experiences in the abolitionist movement and how they shaped her views on womens rights: in striving to strike [the slaves] irons off, we found most surely that we were manacled ourselves.. The book reports that there, Jesus visited the Nephites after his crucifixion and resurrection. \text{Gain on Sale of Machinery and Equipment}&& 200,000\\ Through these moral reform societies, churches hoped to change society by putting individuals on the path to righteousness. This reform impulse captured one of the Second Great Awakenings basic messages: humanity could be improved, and indeed, perfected through religion and reform. Why did so many prominent white Americans, from both the North and South, support the colonization of freed slaves? State colonization movements emerged as well, leading to the establishments of African colonies such as the Republic of Maryland and Mississippi in Africa. The plot was foiled when word of the conspirators plans were leaked; Vesey and thirty-four others were hanged, and thirty-seven more were exiled from the city as a result. The influence of reason and rational thought is most clearly expressed in what religious tradition? Mann and others charged public schools with teaching not only academic subjects, but also morality and discipline. Because it was generally inclusive of everyone, the message was spread to men and women, to rich and poor, and among slaves and free blacks alike. \text{Rent Received in Advance}& 50,000& \\ After Turners execution, lawyer Thomas Grey published The Confessions of Nat Turner, an account of his conversations with Turner before he was tried. The Anti-Slavery Society was home to white and black abolitionists. In his revival meetings, which were held nightly for a week or more, Finney prayed for the conversion of sinners by name in each community and called sinners down to the anxious bench, where those who were considering conversion were prayed for and where sinners were exhorted to confess and seek forgiveness. Much of the influence for this reformist influence came from the Second Great Awakening and its call to redeem sinners, as well as its belief in the goodness of humans. In 1834, middle-class women in New York City organized the Female Moral Reform Society, which sought to redeem prostitutes from lives of sin and to protect the morality of single women. Gabriel, a blacksmith, was often leased out to work for others; in this more relaxed system, he was able to move more freely and recruit conspirators, a pattern that was only enhanced by the summers revival meetings. Twenty years later in Charleston, South Carolina, lay-preacher Denmark Vesey led a similar conspiracy to incite rebellion. The convention ended with the issue of the Declaration of Sentiments, a document that largely paralleled the Declaration of Independence, and leveled a series of charges against the patriarchy of the United States that had been the source of the oppression of women. Camp meetings were so called because, on the sparsely populated frontier, many attendees had to travel long distances to the meeting and camp out at the location. The market revolution had changed American society in many ways. However, the modern-day Seventh Day Adventist Church later grew out of the Millerite movement. Explain in your own words the significance of writing a bad check. Women joined and actively participated in abolitionist organizations such as the Anti-Slavery Society; they sponsored events such as the Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women. 2. \text{Merchandise Inventory}& 1,800,000& 1,500,000\\ The most prominent of these education reformers was Horace Mann, head of the Massachusetts board of education, the first in the nation. The wealthy engaged private tutors and academies. A decade later, Nat Turner used the message of the Second Great Awakening to help incite one of the largest slave rebellions in United States history. \text{Increase in Retained Earnings}&& \$ 2,200,000\\ There are two main strands of literature on the antislavery origins of the sectional crisis. Women played a large role in education reform. \text{LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS EQUITY}\\ Like the preachers of the revivals, the temperance movement reformers called for individuals to lead clean lives and to redeem their sinning neighbors. Discuss any differences between the preferences of men and women. Many people, accustomed to thinking of salvation as being determined by God alone, found the possibility of playing an active role in determining their religious fate exhilarating. Reformers argued that education prepares youth for social and civic duties as adults. Education would "equalize the conditions of men.". Americans consumed huge quantities of liquor in the early 1800s, including gin, whiskey, rum, and brandy. The result was the creation of penitentiaries, which sought to transform criminals into law abiding citizens through hard work, religious instruction, and isolation from the corruption of social vices. Antebellum reform efforts aimed at perfecting the spiritual and social worlds of individuals, and as an outgrowth of those concerns, some reformers moved in the direction of ensuring the health of American citizens. (2) The bonds payable have a maturity (face) value of $4 million. - the intent to remake human beings into free, morally upright citizens. Both were popularly-rooted movements that emphasized conversion and a spiritual rebirth through personal religious experiences. Gabriels Rebellion of 1800 grew in part out of a series of revival meetings in the area of Richmond, Virginia. The reform impulse was not solely confined to the United States; Europeans were also in the midst of their own reform efforts. Nevertheless, the American Colonization Society (ACS) emerged as the main voice of colonizationists in the United States. - many colonizationists believed African Americans slavery and racism were so deeply embedded in American life that blacks could never achieve equality if freed. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Women formed a large part of the membership of the Society and the movement, and they were seen by many as the American voice of morality. Some were subject to the iron discipline of a single leader, while other operated in a democratic fashion. \quad\text{Total}& \$14,000,000 &\$13,200,000\\ The colonizationist scheme of the early 1800s proved to be popular among black abolitionists. For the most part the reforms were a part of internal turmoil and the international scope was very limited. Gabriels brother, Martin, was recognized by the local black community as a lay-preacher. 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Expense } & 8,000,000 & 7,300,000\\ Teachers tend to be so equality, and executed Charleston South... Why did so many prominent white Americans, from both the North and South, support the colonization freed... Be so revivals in great detail as a weapon against slavery consumed huge quantities of liquor in spring... Angelina wrote to William Lloyd Garrisons the Liberator and Baptist churches were the largest evangelical.... Consumed huge quantities of liquor in the early 1800s, education for most Americans was very basic Cross-price elasticity demand!
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