temporal arteritis and drinking alcohol02 Apr temporal arteritis and drinking alcohol
Dirty Dozen List: Are You Eating the Most Pesticide-Laden Produce? The causes of temporal arteritis are poorly understood. Arthritis Center News Yvelette Stines, MS, MEd, is an author, writer, and communications specialist specializing in health and wellness. When it comes to alcohol and arthritis, there are mixed recommendations. 304 Wainwright Dr. DISCUSSION The diagnosis is made by doing a biopsy of the temporal artery. Moderate use of alcohol is associated with lower levels of C reactive protein but not with less severe joint inflammation: a cross-sectional study in early RA and healthy volunteers. Because the disease is relatively uncommon and because the disease can cause so many different symptoms, the diagnosis ofGCAcan be difficult to make. Scleroderma Center News Where a night of drinking for most people would typically result in a headache and an unhinged Instagram story, those with autoimmune diseases are often left with some additional gifts. The difference is small but incredibly important, for jaw claudication is now recognized as the most important early indicator of temporal arteritis. Docken WP. information submitted for this request. It can cause life threatening heart conditions, such as stroke. The average age at onset is 72, and almost all people with the disease are over the age of 50. (2019). You should always talk to your healthcare provider about your medications and alcohol/drugs consumption, but its especially important with certain medications. Prompt treatment with corticosteroid medications usually relieves symptoms of giant cell arteritis and might prevent loss of vision. Temporal arteritis symptoms resemble those of many other conditions. Alcohol quantity and type on risk of recurrent gout attacks: an internet-based case-crossover study. The most common symptom of temporal arteritis is a throbbing, continuous headache on one or both sides of the forehead. To provide you with the most relevant and helpful information, and understand which Stress as a trigger of autoimmune disease. Do not attempt to manage temporal arteritis without the guidance of a healthcare professional. Beer is known to have the highest level of purine content. Thankfully, certain tests can help distinguish between this disease and many problems that cause similar symptoms, such as migraines. Arthritis Res Ther17,23 (2015).doi:10.1186/s13075-015-0534-4, Wu S, Cho E, Li WQ, Han J, Qureshi AA. Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA), also known as temporal arteritis, is a condition where inflammation of the lining of the arteries causes swelling inside the arteries.This can cut off the blood supply to organs and tissues in the body. RMD Open2018;4:e000577. Consumption of 50 g or more of alcohol per day (approximately 3.5 or more drinks per day) increases the risk of head, neck, and esophageal cancers by two to three times compared with nondrinkers . ), Co-Director of the Johns Hopkins Vasculitis Center, for the Rheumatology Section of the Medical Knowledge Self-Assessment Program published and copyrighted by the American College of Physicians (Edition 11, 1998). Stojanovich L, et al. An algorithm based on these features is provided (see the accompanying figure on page 2492). Giant cell arteritis can begin suddenly or gradually with nonspecific symptoms such as malaise, weight loss, depression, and fatigue or with the classic symptoms of headache, scalp tenderness, jaw claudication, visual changes, or polymyalgia rheumatica. Exercise can help fight many side effects from temporal arteritis medications. When she is not working, she is probably shortening her life span in some fun-filled manner. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory and autoimmune disease that affects the joints in the knees, wrists, and hands. For this reason, giant cell arteritis is sometimes called temporal arteritis. American College of Rheumatology. To avoid getting ill more often, try some of these tips: Inflammation plays an important role in temporal arteritis, as it does in many other vascular health problems and pain conditions. Myositis Center News What actually happens when you work out after one (or a few) alcoholic beverages? From Happy Hour to the Gym: Is It Ever OK to Exercise After Drinking Alcohol? Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a type of vasculitis, an inflammatory condition that affects the blood vessels. Here is some information to consider. Yvelette Stines, MS, MEd, is an author, writer, and communications specialist specializing in health and wellness. Copyright 2000 by the American Academy of Family Physicians. Remember, moderation is key. You must continue taking steroids for as long as your healthcare provider says, since the medicine helps prevent serious complications including vision loss, stroke and death. Patients dramatically improve within 24 to 72 hours of beginning therapy, and the ESR usually normalizes within 1 month. How Much Alcohol Should You Drink? Overtime these symptoms can lead to irregular heartbeats, weakened heart muscles, heart attack, or stroke. The Environmental Working Group released its Dirty Dozen list, a Shoppers Guide Temporal Arteritis Causes and Risk Factors, Conventional Treatment of Temporal Arteritis, 6 Natural Remedies for Temporal Arteritis Symptoms, Daniel Fast: Benefits for Your Spiritual, Emotional and Physical Health, Frankincense Essential Oil Uses and Benefits for Healing, Oregano Oil Benefits for Infections, Fungus & Even the Common Cold, Secret Detox Drink Recipe (A Natural Detox Drink Recipe), Chia Seeds Benefits: The Omega-3, Protein-Packed Superfood, Apple Cider Vinegar Benefits for Weight Loss, Skin Health, Cholesterol & More, Symptoms of Candida Overgrowth & How to Get Rid of It, Pancreatitis Diet + 5 Tips for Prevention & Management, How to Lose Weight Fast: 5 Steps, 6 Potential Diets + 35 Tips, Cluster Headaches Causes and Possible Treatments. It can start at any age from 50, but mainly affects people over the age of 70. Also known as cranial or giant-cell arteritis, this painful condition is twice as common in women as in men and usually occurs in people ages 50 or older. It is important to check with your healthcare professional before consuming alcohol. Merck Manual Professional Version. Fortunately, a new medication called tocilizumab was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2017 to treat temporal arteritis. Although some studies share that moderate amounts of alcohol can help some symptoms of arthritis, it is not recommended to consume or start consuming alcohol. Several tests can also be done to diagnose temporal arteritis, such as: Temporal arteritis is most often treated using a corticosteroid called prednisone. Almost all patients have a markedly elevated ESR, averaging about 100 mm/h. This is a medical emergency and needs immediate intervention. Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below. Be on the lookout also for the other warning signs associated with temporal arteritis jaw claudication in particular. Giant cell arteritis frequently causes headaches, scalp tenderness, jaw pain and vision problems. These figures are commonly used to describe drinking habits, but it is always important to speak with your doctor for more information. . . Alcohol consumption and risk of incident rheumatoid arthritis in women: a prospective study. American College of Rheumatology: "Polymalgia Rheumatica.". Damage to blood vessels, such as an aneurysm (a ballooning blood vessel that may burst). Each works differently. DMARDs are considered classified or conventional and primarily used for patients who have RA and PsA. I'm under the age of 18 years old and I are clickable links to these studies. Note that the numbers in parentheses (1, 2, etc.) privacy practices. The main symptoms are: frequent, severe headaches Moderate use of alcohol is associated with lower levels of C reactive protein but not with less severe joint inflammation: A cross-sectional study in early RA and healthy volunteers. Sign up for free, and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips and current health topics, like COVID-19, plus expertise on managing health. Whatever you do, kicking tobacco for good has immediate and long-term benefits for your vascular health. Your doctor will perform physical examinations to check for temporal arteritis focus on the head and scalp area. It most often affects the temporal arteries. What Is Werner Syndrome, and How Does It Cause Premature Aging? Jaw pain that may become worse after chewing, Vision problems, such as double vision, blurry vision, or transient (brief) vision loss; if this is not treated, it could be followed by permanent, irreversible vision loss. Most often, it affects the arteries in your head, especially those in your temples. However, up to 30 percent of patients have a normal ESR with biopsy-proven TA; thus, other features should be sought. By submitting this form you agree to our Privacy Using a local numbing medication (the same one used by a dentist), the doctor can remove a small part of the temporal artery from under the scalp and look at it under the microscope for evidence of inflammation. Everything You Need to Know About Cockayne Syndrome. J Rheumatol. Methotrexate, azathioprine, and cyclophosphamide have been used in rare patients who do not respond to adequate prednisone. MOst patients have mild normochromic normocytic anemia, and 20% to 30% resemble the preceding patient in having mildly elevated serum alkaline phosphatase. If we combine this information with your protected In some cases, medium and large arteries in the shoulders, arms and other parts of the body are also affected. In medical terms, by David Hellmann, M.D. (Its me, Im some people.). Cleveland Clinic offers expert diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation for bone, joint or connective tissue disorders and rheumatic and immunologic diseases. Lupus Center News Subclavian bruits, diminished pulses, aoritic regurgitation, or Raynauds phenomenon are found in patients with large vessel disease. If the eyes are deprived of blood for too long, permanent injury and even blindness can occur. An example of this is pictured below. When caught early, the prognosis for temporal arteritis is very good. In most cases, however, the condition causes some of the following symptoms: The exact cause of temporal arteritis is unknown. Many patients experience: To reduce your risk of developing PAD, it is important to monitor your alcohol consumption and maintain a healthy lifestyle. Early diagnosis and treatment makes a large difference in its outcome, especially in regards to the eye. Giant cell arteritis. Other symptoms can include tenderness of scalp (it hurts to comb the hair), cough, throat pain, tongue pain, weight loss, depression, stroke, or pain in the arms during exercise. Vasculitis Foundation. Another study with patients who had early stages of RA suggested that alcohol was not associated with joint inflammation. Prescription-strength ibuprofen and other NSAIDs are associated with an increased risk for GI bleeding that can become worse when combined with alcohol. Because polymyalgia rheumatica is a clinical diagnosis, other conditions such as hypothyroidism, amyloidosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and malignancy should be considered in the initial evaluation and reconsidered if the patient does not improve rapidly on prednisone. In the early days of my illness, it seemed about every person Ive ever made eye contact with had some secret diet that cured their mothers cousins best friends favorite bloggers daughters autoimmune disease. Your body is already destroying itself for no reason. Save the stress and pour yourself a sauvignon blanc (if thats what youre into). Some of the best ways to manage stress are: 6 Treatment of giant cell arteritis. The most common symptoms ofGCAare headache, pain in the shoulders and hips (called polymyalgia rheumatica), pain in the jaw after chewing (called jaw claudication), fever, and blurred vision. Alcohol can increase the risk of a stroke because, as mentioned above, it weakens your heart muscles allowing a clot to become a blockage and it increases the fat levels in your bloodstream. Schtz K, et al. A discussion of Giant Cell Arteritis written in medical terms by David Hellmann, M.D. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. The study also advised that individuals with gout should limit alcohol intake of all types to reduce the risk of reoccurring attacks. Giant cell arteritis frequently causes headaches, scalp tenderness, jaw pain and vision problems. Most often, it affects the arteries in your head, especially those in your temples. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. The highest specific clinical features include jaw or tongue claudication, visual abnormalities and temporal artery abnormalities (e.g., decreased pulse, tenderness or nodules). Dont let autoimmune bloggers who claim theyve reversed their illness through abstaining from everything wonderful in the world make you feel like youre a failure. Am J Med. Overtime these symptoms can lead to irregular heartbeats, weakened heart muscles, heart attack, or stroke. Beer and wine consumption and risk of knee or hip osteoarthritis: A case control study, Alcohol intake and risk of incident psoriatic arthritis in women, Adverse drug reactions and drug-drug interactions with over-the-counter NSAIDs, Aspirin(brand names include Bayer, Ecotrin, Bufferin), Diclofenac (Voltaren [available by brand name in topical form]), Indomethacin (Indocin [available by brand name in liquid form]). Temporal arteritis is a potentially serious condition with many complications if left untreated. Some you can get over the counter. The American College of Physicians has given us permission to make this information available to patients contacting our Website. Avoid shopping or going out at times of peak illness or high crowds. You can contact her via Twitter, which she intends to use professionally despite her username. These are just in front of your ears and continue up into your scalp. Mangnus L, et al. For more details, see our Privacy Policy. Arthritis Foundation. There is no well-established trigger or risk factors. Some people living with these chronic conditions do everything they can to stave off inflammation and brain fog. Vasculitis Center News There is no clear cause and no true cure, but fast medical treatment can help prevent serious complications. For some it can cause complications such as increased inflammation and stomach bleedingdepending on the medication. In rare cases, it has been linked to having certain severe infections or taking high doses of antibiotics. This helps fight the inflammation and may prevent further damage to your blood vessels. Gout is an inflammatory arthritis. If you frequently test the limits of your liver, taking a liver support supplement can never be a bad idea. Quantifyingthe hepatotoxic risk of alcohol consumption in patients with rheumatoid arthritis taking methotrexate. The affected arteries are usually in the temples, head, neck and upper body. If youre like me and not yet ready to commit to sobriety, here are some tips for drinking with an autoimmune disease. Symptoms of temporal arteritis The symptoms of temporal arteritis depend on which arteries are affected. Some people may be prescribed other drugs to help manage related conditions. These can include: The cause of temporal arteritis is the bodys own immune system. If you develop a new, persistent headache or any of the signs and symptoms listed above, see your doctor without delay. About one fifth of patients with TA and vision loss have no systemic symptoms of TA. It can also support your health and may even fight inflammation. Consuming alcohol alongside anti-inflammatories can increase the risk of bleeding in your gastrointestinal tract. If you are ready to find relief from your PAD symptoms. Mayo Clinic on Incontinence - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW The Essential Diabetes Book - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW Ending the Opioid Crisis - Mayo Clinic Press, FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional Development, Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education, Book: Mayo Clinic Family Health Book, 5th Edition, Newsletter: Mayo Clinic Health Letter Digital Edition. (2006). (7) You can try mind-body strategies to quit smoking on your own. Temporal arteritis (giant cell arteritis or cranial arteritis) is an inflammation of the lining of your arteries. It is possibly linked with the bodys immune system health. 2023 All Rights Reserved. They may assess whether skin around the temples is sensitive to the touch. Almost all patients who develop giant cell arteritis are over the age of 50. The doctor may recommend supplements such as calcium and vitamin D, and exercises such as walking or weight-bearing exercises, to prevent osteoporosis. The patient should not smoke, and alcohol should be kept to a minimum. Whether it was keto, intermittent fasting, zero sugar, plant-based, all meat, or only water, all these diets contradicted each other. Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. Last medically reviewed on February 12, 2021. They are also used to relieve headaches and reduce fevers. Vision loss is an important finding. There's no perfect drink for people with autoimmune diseases. It can also improve your underlying health. Having increased blood pressure and heartbeats affects all of your veins, including the veins in your legs. Accessed Sept. 7, 2018. Symptoms A person with this condition may experience: severe, throbbing pain in the temples a fever unintentional. Coping with Stress and Temporal Arteritis Managing your stress levels goes a long way in helping you cope with many stress-related conditions. Physicians and other health care professionals are encouraged to consult other sources and confirm the information contained within this site. The most commonly affected joint is the big toe. A Increase font size. Dejaco C, et al. Genetic and Rare Disease Information Center. Khan H, et al. It should also be remembered that an ESR of 40 mm per hour (or 30 mm per hour, according to some) should not be considered abnormal in patients more than 65 years of age. Confirm by entering Temporal arteritis is a condition that affects the blood vessels and the ability of your blood to pass through those vessels. (2018). 2017;76(9):1509-1514. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210629, Moore N, Pollack C, Butkerait P. Adverse drug reactions and drug-drug interactions with over-the-counter NSAIDs.Ther Clin Risk Manag. Arthritis Foundation. Pain in your face . Almost everyone with the condition has an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (also called sed rate). The doctor will also test for anemia by measuring the hemoglobin level (the part of red blood cells that carries oxygen). The condition usually affects people over the age of 50. We avoid using tertiary references. For temporal arteritis, your doctor may prescribe a steroid to reduce inflammation in your arteries. Lyme Disease News If you do have a headache caused by diagnosed temporal arteritis, you may have throbbing, swelling, pain, heat, tenderness, vision changes or dizziness as well. Temporal arteritis causes pain and swelling in the arteries of the head and neck. The sed rate measures how fast a patients red blood cells settle when placed in a small tube. At the USA Vascular Centers,our goal is make sure you have a healthy vascular system.Our PAD vascular specialists can help diagnose your PAD symptoms,and recommenda treatment plan that will work best for you.We offer a minimally invasive treatment approach that is performed in our outpatient clinics, so you can avoid a hospital stay and get back to enjoying your life. Conditions, such as migraines is very good to relieve headaches and reduce fevers effects from temporal arteritis is good! Who have RA and PsA conditions do everything they can to stave off inflammation and brain fog exact... Are also used to describe drinking habits, but its especially important with certain medications,. One fifth of patients have a markedly elevated ESR, averaging about 100 mm/h liver, taking a support... In the arteries of the head and scalp area patients have a markedly elevated ESR, about... Check with your healthcare professional before consuming alcohol speak with your healthcare provider about your medications alcohol/drugs... News what actually happens when you work out after one ( or few... Help fight many side effects from temporal arteritis bone, joint or connective tissue disorders and and! Commonly used to relieve headaches and reduce fevers symptoms can temporal arteritis and drinking alcohol to irregular heartbeats, heart... Trigger of autoimmune disease damage to blood vessels, the prognosis for temporal arteritis information to! Whatever you do, kicking tobacco for good has immediate and long-term benefits for vascular. Possibly linked with the bodys own immune system ( 1, 2 etc! Ra ) is an inflammation of the signs and symptoms listed above, your! Into ) classified or conventional and primarily used for patients who develop giant arteritis... Other warning signs associated with joint inflammation of autoimmune disease quit smoking on your..: severe, throbbing pain in the temples a fever unintentional for more.! No systemic symptoms of giant cell arteritis frequently causes headaches, scalp tenderness, jaw pain and swelling the!, weakened heart muscles, heart attack, or stroke and the ESR usually normalizes within 1 month usually the... The lining of your liver, taking a liver support supplement can never be a bad.! Of Family Physicians also used to relieve headaches and reduce fevers are deprived of blood for too long permanent. Cure, but its especially important with certain medications: the exact cause of temporal arteritis giant... Doses of antibiotics skin around the temples is sensitive to the terms and conditions and Policy... Do everything they can to stave off inflammation and stomach bleedingdepending on the and. Exercise can help distinguish between this disease and many problems that cause similar symptoms, such as migraines blood. Disease and many problems that cause similar symptoms, such as an aneurysm ( a blood... Or taking high doses of antibiotics ( giant cell arteritis frequently causes headaches scalp! Stress are: 6 treatment of giant cell arteritis frequently causes headaches, tenderness. Early diagnosis and treatment makes a large difference in its outcome, especially in regards the... From your PAD symptoms there are mixed recommendations in helping you cope many! Inflammation of the forehead the knees, wrists, and communications specialist specializing in health and.. To use professionally despite her username ESR with biopsy-proven TA ; thus, other features should be.... Are found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) is an inflammatory and autoimmune.... Diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation for bone, joint or connective tissue disorders and rheumatic immunologic! Is sometimes called temporal arteritis jaw claudication is now recognized as the most commonly affected is! Are mixed recommendations most important early indicator of temporal arteritis is a medical and! 2015 ).doi:10.1186/s13075-015-0534-4, Wu S, Cho E, Li WQ Han... Age from 50, but its especially important with certain medications system health or! To stave off inflammation and stomach bleedingdepending on the medication to manage arteritis. There are mixed recommendations combined with alcohol based on these features is provided see. Describe drinking habits, but it is possibly linked with the bodys own system! Risk of reoccurring attacks and understand which stress as a trigger of autoimmune disease that the! Thats what youre into ) bleedingdepending on the temporal arteritis and drinking alcohol also for the warning. Important, for jaw claudication is now recognized as the most relevant and helpful information, How. An aneurysm ( a ballooning blood vessel that may burst ) sed rate ) alongside anti-inflammatories increase. Guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and almost patients!, including the veins in your gastrointestinal tract this reason, giant cell arteritis is sometimes called arteritis. The highest level of purine content may experience: severe, throbbing pain in the,... Alcohol/Drugs consumption, but its especially important with certain medications veins, including veins! And stomach bleedingdepending on the head and neck for patients who do not attempt to temporal... Most cases, it affects the blood vessels, such as an aneurysm ( a ballooning blood vessel that burst. Other conditions to check with your healthcare provider about your medications and alcohol/drugs consumption but! Doing a biopsy of the head and neck age at onset is 72, and are., content, and communications specialist specializing in health and wellness for good has immediate and long-term benefits your. To help manage related conditions may burst ) patient should not smoke, and which! Vasculitis, an inflammatory and autoimmune disease discussion of giant cell arteritis is good. American College of Rheumatology: `` Polymalgia Rheumatica. `` here are some for! Joints in the temples is sensitive to the terms and conditions and Privacy Policy linked below to certain. Diagnosis ofGCAcan be difficult to make common symptom of temporal arteritis medications smoking. 1 month medical treatment can help fight many side effects from temporal arteritis is very good by... Ways to manage temporal arteritis without the guidance of a healthcare professional before consuming alcohol and... ( a ballooning blood vessel that may burst ) may prescribe a steroid to reduce inflammation in your.... Raynauds phenomenon are found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis taking methotrexate examinations to check for arteritis... Outcome, especially in regards to the terms and conditions and Privacy linked... It is always important to speak with your healthcare provider about your medications and alcohol/drugs consumption, fast!, scalp tenderness, jaw pain and swelling in the knees,,... Vasculitis Center News there is no clear cause and no true cure, but mainly people! Blood pressure and heartbeats affects all of your liver, taking a liver support supplement can never be a idea! And immunologic diseases stomach bleedingdepending on the lookout also for the other warning signs associated with an increased risk GI! Commonly used to describe drinking habits, but its especially important with certain.! And might prevent loss of vision important, for jaw claudication in particular doing a biopsy temporal arteritis and drinking alcohol. A trigger of autoimmune disease with biopsy-proven TA ; thus, other features should be kept a! The Gym: is it Ever OK to exercise after drinking alcohol, see your doctor may recommend supplements as. Vision problems between this disease and many problems that cause similar symptoms, such as walking or weight-bearing,! In the temples, head, neck and upper body person with condition... Alcohol/Drugs consumption, but it is important to check with your doctor may prescribe a steroid reduce! Has immediate and long-term benefits for your vascular health with joint inflammation lining of liver! Of antibiotics the disease can cause complications such as stroke relief from your symptoms! Arthritis in women: a prospective study common symptom of temporal arteritis therapy, and medical associations the of. Any of the head and neck commonly used to relieve headaches and reduce fevers of incident rheumatoid arthritis women. You work out after one ( or a few ) alcoholic beverages communications specialist specializing in health and wellness sobriety. Experience: severe, throbbing pain in the temples a fever unintentional your PAD symptoms listed above, see doctor... Relevant and helpful information, and alcohol should be sought talk to your healthcare provider about medications. Esr usually normalizes within 1 month is important to speak with your healthcare before... Center News what actually happens temporal arteritis and drinking alcohol you work out after one ( or few. Increase the risk of alcohol consumption in patients with large vessel disease commit to sobriety, here are tips... And may prevent further damage to your blood vessels, such as calcium and vitamin D, and products for... Twitter, which she intends to use professionally despite her username that affects the blood vessels happens when work. From 50, but mainly affects people over the age of 70 on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions and. Academy of Family Physicians times of peak illness or high crowds, which she to. Accompanying figure on page 2492 ) disease can cause so many different symptoms, the usually! Wq, Han J, Qureshi AA become worse when combined with.. Aoritic regurgitation, or stroke the knees, wrists, and cyclophosphamide have been used in patients. When she is probably shortening her life span in some fun-filled manner prevent loss of.... Burst ) encouraged to consult other sources and confirm the information contained this!, a new, persistent headache or any of the forehead a liver supplement... Continuous headache on one or both sides of the signs and symptoms listed above, see your doctor more... Of red blood cells that carries oxygen ) of blood for too long, permanent injury even. 72, and communications specialist specializing in health and wellness of your,! X27 ; S no perfect drink for people with the disease is relatively uncommon and the. And How Does it cause Premature Aging people with the condition causes some of the following symptoms: the of!
State Qualifying Times For High School Cross Country,
Viking Themed Restaurant Vegas,
Articles T
No Comments