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ifugao culture slideshare02 Apr ifugao culture slideshare

Older children sleep in the village dormitories. The Ifugao universe is divided into five worlds or regions: the skyworld called kabunian; the earth world called puga or pugaw; the underworld called dalum; the downstream region called lagod; and the upstream region called dayya or daiya. The agba comes in two forms: the spanning of the stick, where the name of the right deity or class of deity is mentioned, during which the stick is believed to grow longer, and the buyun or the balancing of the egg, bean, or any oval-shaped object on a knife blade. Bangkok: UNESCO Bangkok. Dances of the Emerald Isles. The deity declares its habitat, expresses satisfaction in the feast and wine, and goes home. Different types of gongs or gangsa are played. An elaborate and expensive ceremony is given to the dead, whether rich or poor. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Form and Splendor: Personal Adornment of Northern Luzon Ethnic Groups, Philippines. They may also wear the hingat (earring), of which there are seven kinds: first, a large copper ring; second, a string of small beads; third, the same kind of copper ring from which dangles a ring; fourth, a piece of copper wire, which is rolled up so as to form a small disk; fifth, a heavy piece of gold, silver (from a 50-centavo coin) or copper, in the shape of a C with much enlarged points that almost meet, sometimes flanked on both sides (top and bottom of C) with a variously shaped, comparatively large projection; sixth, one or two long and narrow, more or less spatulate pieces of white or brownish shell, dangling from a small ring of stringed beads or of copper wire; seventh, a piece of white shell in the shape of a topped clover leaf with two leaflets, which dangles from a small ring of stringed beads or of copper wire (Vanoverbergh 1929, 206-207). Copper rings are attached to its top part so that the G-string can be passed through these to secure the bag to the mans side. Baguio City: The Catholic School Press. T he Ifugao province is known for its unique and striking culture and tradition aside from being considered a historical spot as the "Tiger of Malaya" marked with the Yamashita Shrine in Kiangan. The Ifugaos woven textiles are associated with religious belief and rituals. The Non-Christian Peoples of the Philippine Islands. National Geographic Magazine 24 (November): 1157-1256. The traditional Ifugao hamlet or village is small; thus, chiefs and heads develop very few followers. . Matchmaking is made on the basis of wealth and social status. 1912. They are of Malay stock and their language is Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian), as is that of their neighbours, but they have developed a number of cultural characteristics that set them apart. The brass bikkung is slightly thinner than the bamboo bikkung but serves the same purpose. Vocal music covers a variety of forms. But as the traditional political governance became integrated into the national political system, local elections dealt a big blow to warlordism. They may be standing on narrow terraces, spread out, or grouped around an open space in wide terraces. This romanticism perpetuated a historically flawed narrative of the Ifugao as a people and as a culture. When in groups, the Ifugao use proverbs to give advice to the young. Negotiations between the government and the CPLA led to the formation of the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) in July 1987. By 2001, worm infestation, the lack of water, and neglect had caused the terraces to be added to the, Ifugao warrior (National Geographic, 1913, Mario Feir Filipiniana Library), Ifugao ritual in Batad, circa 1980 (SIL International), Bulul, Tuwali, Ifugao, circa 1980 (SIL International), Ifugao house bale with rat guards (National Geographic, 1913, Mario Feir Filipiniana Library), Ifugao woman using a traditional loom, 1990 (CCP Collections), Ifugao headgear with kalaw beak, 1990 (CCP Collections), The ulbong, a rice storage basket, circa 1970 (UP Diliman Anthropology Museum), Cordillera bulul (David Baradas Collection), Ifugao epic hero Aliguyon commanding crocodiles to form a bridge for him (Illustration by Benedict Reyna), A pregnant Bugan diving into the sea in search of Ngilin Mangongols rice granary (Illustration by Benedict Reyna), Ifugao children singing the Hudhud, 1993 (Museo Pambata), Ritual dance, Imelda Park, Baguio City, circa 1990 (CCP Collections), Poster of Benjie Garcias Batad: Sa Paang Palay, 2006 (Vic Acedillo, photo courtesy of Benjamin Garcia), McKay, Deirde, and Padmapani L. Perez. Quezon City: Ben-Lor Publishing. The bulol is again bathed in the blood of a sacrificial pig. Boys are taught to hunt, use arms, work in the field, and learn the family genealogy. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. But when a custom or law is violated, the victim must seek justice. Dances are also performed as part of rituals. Songs about World War II are easily recognized because of their themes and characters. Some Ifugao proverbs are: Hay uya-uy di puntupong hi kinadangyan di ohan, (The feast is the yardstick of a persons wealth. When they dance, their eyes are focused on one point on the ground, about 90 centimeters from where they are standing, their knees bent down a little, their left foot in front, their hands outstretched with their fingers joined, right hand akimbo behind their right hip. We've encountered a problem, please try again. Myths relate incidents that happened at a time when the world had not yet been created and man had not yet taken full control of its material possession, arts, and culture. Province: Ifugao. NSCB website. It is a sign of wealth and prestige and is found only underneath the rich Ifugaos house. The langitang is generally used during burial rituals to drive away spirits and revenge rituals for a slain Ifugao. Geneva: Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies. 1980. Justice may be considered by the victims relative. Many historians and tour directors romanticize the 2,000-year-old origins that early anthropologists claimed for the terraces. Ifugao songs can be classified into ritual songs and non-ritual songs. 2004. There are six types of wanno, which are used depending on the occasion or the man's social status. A fire is kept going in one of the corners of the house. In between the two classes are the natumok, who may own small pieces of land, but these are not sufficient to give them a year-round harvest. Ifugao soldiers were trained in the military arts and soon became marksmen. Perez, Rodrigo, III, Rosario S. Encarnacion, and Julian E. Dacanay Jr. 1989. Surfaces are often decorated with repetitive concave waves. In 1966, Ifugao became a province through Republic Act No. The major Ifugao languages are Tuwali in Kiangan and Lagawe; Ayangan or Adyangan in Banaue; Henanga in Mayoyao and Aguinaldo; Hingyon; and Hungduan. The pinading (place spirit) is invited to partake of the game. It is danced to the rhythmic beat of wood against wood, also called the bangibang. Recent discussions on the ethics of collection and repatriation . After the war, Ifugao families went back to their fields while roads were being repaired. Quezon City: GCF Books. A ginuttu (belt), worn on special occasions, is made of small, round, white shells strung together with a dyed red rattan string. Quezon City: The Council for Living Traditions. Feasts are a measure of an Ifugaos prestige or rank. Introduction/Rationale . The bulol are still being carved for commercial purposes, such as those being sold to tourists. Rice Gods of the Ifugao. Arts of Asia 4 (January-February): 20-29. The Ifugaos trace their ancestry to two legendary figures: Pfukhan and Gwikhan. The Ifugao tradition allows both males and females to inherit property from the parents but the firstborn always gets the largest share. As a result, the Ifugao people had a fairly positive perception of the Americans. The wanno or g-string is the traditional attire of male Ifugaos. Indigenous cuisine, woodcarving, rattan and loom weaving were highlights in this year's Imbayah Festival held in Banaue town on April 26 to 29. Carrying baskets have been so designed as to leave a persons hands free to carry other loads. Maramba, Roberto. The ones without designs, often described as infra, can be further classified into subtypes. Another type is the hibat, which is hit in its inner surface with a stick of softwood (Orosa-Goquingco 1980, 72). Video:Soar Over the Lush Rice Terraces of the Philippines. The Hudhud Pumbakhayon ad Daligdigan (Hudhud of Pumbakhayon at Daligdigan) is believed to be the first hudhud. One officer, Lieutenant Jeff Gallman, was considered by the Ifugao as their greatest apo because of his bravery and gallantry. Invocations to the gods and the telling of myths accompany most of these steps. Jenista, Frank. The husband must move out and the wife keeps the house. The more striking necklace worn by women is the pangapalang made of six to eight trapezoidal pieces of mother-of-pearl and connected by finely braided rattan. When Kabigat comes for her, she plunges into the sea and finds herself at Ngilin Mangongols rice granary. American presence in the Ifugao province initiated gradual adaptation to new realities. The heat and smoke serve to dry the interior as well as the grain stored in the upper part of the house. Fern tree figures were used in ceremonies before headhunting and in construction of arches along trails as protection from evil spirits. In these rituals, the bulol is the most common and traditional ritual sculpture. Speeches are made in between these dances, with the resounding whoooo-o-eee serving to silence those present so that the speech may be delivered (Wilcox 1912, 109-112). National Nutrition Council. In the story, the hero Aliguyon arrives at the bank of the Lobong ad Lagud (Lake of the Downstream Region) to which the water of all rivers flow. For their fllors, they flattered bamboo slices. Since animals cannot be used because of the steep terraces, men upturn the soil with wooden spades after soaking the paddy. On the third day, a ceremonial war dance is performed. The colors of the tapis can range from all white to a very dark blue with hape (white stripes). Sound is produced by striking or banging the instrument. 2005. The famous terraces had been inscribed in UNESCO's World Heritage List in 1995 as "a continuing cultural landscape" The Ifugao native huts could probably be among the world's first prefabricated houses that do not use a single nail or metal to . In central Ifugao, the ulbong (rice storage basket) is made using the coiling method. Lorica, Loreto Q. The hangbo are red and yellow designs, woven at both ends of the G-string. The rice fields may also be planted with legumes or vegetables after the harvest, so even the embankments are useful. The huts are made of timber cut and polished by hand. 1967. [Candle]). Girls learn to weave by helping their mother or elder sister, and by actual practice under elder women. Radyo Kiphodan DZNC-FM 99.1 is run by the National Nutrition Council (NCC) for its Nutriskwela Radio Network Program. This helps in determining who to invite to feasts and gatherings that require the presence of relatives. New York: University Books. The womens skirt is the tapis, which is wrapped around the waist and comes down to just above the knees. At the end of the century, although the Spanish had made inroads into Ifugao country, they were unable to effectively control the native population. The paddies nourish snails and fish that complement the Ifugaos diet. Asian Awards for Ifugao. Philstar.net. National Statistical Coordinating Board. Inicio; Servicios. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. The Mayawyaw Ritual. Beneath the underworld is a substream called dagah-na. In Kiangan, the priests tulud is a recitation of the myth while moving from one place to another. While the carving of the ritual bulol has stopped, the Ifugao continue to use these few remaining images in their rice rituals and in guarding their rice granaries. Some tattoo designs are the tinagu (man), drawn on the chest; kinahu (dog), on the chest and cheeks; ginawang (eagle), on the chest and shoulders; ginayaman (centipede), anywhere; kinilat (lightning), on the chest, shoulders, or lower chest; and pongo (bracelet). The bayaong, if worn, covers the upper torso from the neck to the waistline. In Asipulo, for instance, there are least three Ifugao subgroups speaking different Ifugao languages: Tuwali, Hanlulo, and Adyangan. After the farmers have worked on the fields all day, they may dance the paypayto to the beat of the gangsa. 1906. Among the Mayoyao Ifugao, the abuwab (magical tales) are believed to possess mystical powers similar to requests granted through prayers. In 1995, because of its rice terrace clusters, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) declared Banaue, Hungduan, Kiangan, and Mayoyao as World Heritage Sites. http://car.neda.gov.ph/. Hudhud hi Aliguyon: A Translation of an Ifugao Harvest Song. MA thesis, Stanford University. Additionally, more opportunities for wage labor in nearby provinces, such as in the logging areas of Isabela and of Maddela, Quirino, and in the citrus orchards of Didipio, Nueva Vizcaya, besides those in urban centers like Baguio City and Manila, and overseas like Hong Kong, Singapore, and Dubai have led to an increase in Ifugao outmigration. Divorce ceremonies are performed by the mombaki with an animal offering in the couples house. The tadcheng is a similar instrument with four strings strummed with the fingers. Furniture, if any, consists of a square wooden bench and a bed made of a thick wooden slab. Barton, Roy F. 1930. These materials serve as fertilizer for the next crop, in addition to whatever humus can be gathered from the forested areas. Adults who die a natural death are given five days of vigil, sometimes nine, depending on their social status. Makati: The Bookmark, Inc. McKay, Deirdre. The rice ritual consists of the following steps, in succession: the lukat, which is the weeding of the fields; the pudung, in which the runo stalks are stuck to the ground and spread over the field in a standing position; the loka sacrifice, when the rice seedling is taken from the granary; the ugwidd, which is performed just before the turning of the soil with a spade; the bolnat, when seedlings are taken from the seed bed; the kulpe, which is after the transplanting of the rice seedlings; the hagophop, just before the women weed the crops; the paad, just before the terrace banks are weeded to prevent rice from wilting; the hanglag, when the rice is first eaten; and the ingngilin, performed by the owner during the day of the harvest. McKay, Deirde, and Padmapani L. Perez. Apocalypse Yesterday Already! http://www.oovrag.com/essays/essay2004a-3.shtml. The recitation of these tales begins with an invocation to the ancestors who were also priests and who are always called upon during the rituals. To get professional research papers you must go for experts like www.HelpWriting.net , Do not sell or share my personal information, 1. Among the Tuwali Ifugao, the hagabi is primarily used by the kadangyan to lie on. Other governors and government officials intermarried with Ifugao women during their stay. Owners of pigs surround their houses with fences called runo, which are made of plants, stones, or sticks planted on the ground. The dance steps follow a slow shuffle with slow turns and twists of the left hand and a fast up-and-down movement of the right hand. It is used in rituals seeking a bountiful harvest, revenge, or the healing of a sick person. 1913. Many enterprising Ifugao living near the area have turned away from rice cultivation on the terraces to provide goods and services to visitors, such as the making and selling of handicraft items for souvenirs. Sometimes the tale is about another Wigan, a brother of Bugan who represents the relative of either husband or wife. ), Hin pinhod takun munhida itlog, munpaptok hi, (If you want to eat eggs, raise chickens.). It consists of three pieces of blue cloth, with narrow, horizontal, white stripes, and two broken double lines of red triangles or squares (Vanoverbergh 1929, 209). By 2001, worm infestation, the lack of water, and neglect had caused the terraces to be added to the UNESCOs List of World Heritage in Danger. The system ensures conservation of the forest for fuel, housing, and irrigation for the terraces. Ifugao was also the scene of Yamashitas final stand in 1945. . A ritual invoking the gods was performed before the start of ug-gub or the bultong. It is based on a study with a similar title The Half-way Sun: Life among the Headhunters of the Philippines by American anthropologist Roy Franklin Barton. The gamong is for the dead and has several designs: mortar, men, python, lizard, snake, ladder, and shuttle. Men and women, young and old alike, sing. Possession by the deities occurs after the pig or other sacrificial animal has been offered. Carabaos butchered in prestigious feasts are bought from the lowlands. The ayyuding is made of a whole bamboo node, with the strings carved out of the bamboos skin. Its dayude and iwitan have designs similar to those of the balingbing of a bayaong (blanket). 1991. The sound of gongs summons villagers to a feast, which can last for several nights. The neighbors of the Ifugao to the north are the Bontok; to the west, the Kankanaey and Ibaloy; to the east, the Gaddang; and to the south, the Ikalahan and Iwak. Sons are encouraged to marry young so that their parents may see their grandchildren before they die. 2012. This paper documents and presents the Ifugao muyong system as an ANR strategy within the context of traditional forest management. The upper part reaches to a little above the head. Each type of textile reflects particular social functions. When a warrior is killed, the bangibang (funeral, war, or revenge dance), is performed during his burial rites. Some songs require responses while others are extemporaneous. His name was derived from the word Philippines. While out hunting, Kabigat finds the earth so lovely that he decides to live there. At present, weaving has become a good source of income to many Ifugaos. 2011. The Spanish used converts like Juan Lumawig of Bagabag to convince the Ifugao to settle in the Spanish towns. Pumbakhayon returns to his village with Aginaya to celebrate their own marriage. CICM priest Father Francis Lambrecht conducted studies on the hudhud epic and Ifugao languages. They carry a half-dead chicken with their left hand and offer these to the gods. The kintog, formerly used to exchange for pigs but is now known as oban, is used for carrying babies. The pacification did pave the way for foreign missionaries to enter the Ifugao heartland. Ifugao Extras and the Making of Apocalypse Now. Our Own Voice, March. Containers are placed alongside the figures during ceremonies. Lane, Robert. With a little luck, the 500-year-old Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras may just make it to their 2,000th year. Banaue: Stairway to the Sky. It is played by striking the strings with a stick. The Ifugao house consists of three levels: the stone pavement, the main building, which stands on the pavement, and the roof. Each family or relative may commit to donating the animals that are to be sacrificed at the death ritual. Some households keep carved wooden bulul figures representing mythological deities to ensure good harvests and to protect the fields and granaries. The SlideShare family just got bigger. The roof is steep and covered with thatch. The pavement is as wide as that of the main building. Newly married couples live separately from their parents to ensure mutual respect and cooperation. Gatbonton, Esperanza Bunag. Unlike the Wittfogelian model, The liwliwa, used to express love, protest, and other personal emotions, is sung in debate form by groups of men and women and their leaders. Then the rice granary is opened, and new bundles of rice are taken out. By 2010, the population had grown to 191,078. Igorot: A People Who Daily Touch the Earth and the Sky. Atom 1974. The conflict of tradition and modernization has become a prominent topic in most of the films about the Ifugao. Because of his exceptional knowledge of custom law, his word was law. Traditionally, weaving is done for the familys needs, but it is also done for commercial purposes. The kadangyan were the elite land owners of rice fields, the tagu were kadangyan relatives who did not hold elite status, and the nawotwot who were considered poor worked for the kadangyan. The carvings, together with offerings of wine and ritual boxes, are placed near the priests. In Kiangan and Lagawe villages, the split-rattan material is used for household baskets like the labba (farm bowl), ligao (winnowing tray), and plaited storage jars. The forest ritual is performed at the site of the kill, where the game is cut up. However, American pacification efforts made no distinct dent on the Ifugao identity. Since rice production is dependent on rainwater, an irrigation system has been developed, requiring the building of pipelines, conveyors, and sluices. The hudhud is chanted while the Ifugao work in the field or attend funeral wakes. The Private Apocalypse of Francis Coppola. Life Magazine (June): 111-120. The Headhunters of Northern Luzon; From Ifugao to Kalinga, a Ride through the Mountains of Northern Luzon, with an Appendix on the Independence of the Philippines. The bikkung is a mouth instrument made of brass or bamboo. The Hudhud hi Aliguyon (Hudhud of Aliguyon) is about the battle lasting several years between Aliguyon from the village of Hannanga and Pumbakhayon from the village of Daligdigan. Talungtung (narrow band with fringes) runs along the edges of the width of the blanket. Rice production systems in Ifugao terraces in Philippines are cultivated by indigenous Ifugao people in the country. Another ornament may be a small shell attached to the middle stripe at the front end of the G-string (Vanoverbergh 1929, 201). The split rattan produces a fluted or grooved appearance. Ifugao, group of wet-rice agriculturalists occupying the mountainous area of northern Luzon, Philippines. The house is divided into two vertical parts. Many enterprising Ifugao living near the area have turned away from rice cultivation on the terraces to provide goods and services to visitors, such as the making and selling of handicraft items for souvenirs. The death penalty was rarely imposed, even for crimes as grave as murder. 1980. The other gongs are played with sticks that strike the inner surface of the gong. 2010. The knowledge of pedigrees is of paramount importance to the Ifugao. Hence, the Ifugao have had to regulate the distribution and use of water in their custom law. By January 1949, the Spaniards had subdued Kiangan, enough to compel 1,076 families to pay a tribute of three or four gantas of rice each. The Kiangan Ifugao weave six types of G-strings. In the past, brothers and sisters slept in separate houses as soon as they reached the age of six or seven. If the dead were rich, there is gong playing and dancing. The mamonghal (leader priest) assigns the different deities to the priests present. Those who were captured during head-taking excursions belong to the nawotwot (lower class). When bathed in pigs blood, it is believed to assume new powers and will grant the owner wealth and prosperity. It is believed to hasten the ripening of the rice grains. They also used coconut fonds leaves as roofs and walls for their huts. It is a venture that requires being blessed by higher gods. Ifugao culture and laws revolve around their physical environment, expressed in customs and taboos prescribing the treatment and use of environment and natural resources. Can not be used because of their themes and characters at the death ritual of International and Studies... January-February ): 1157-1256 is about another Wigan, a brother of Bugan who the... New realities national Geographic Magazine 24 ( November ): 20-29, it is used for carrying.! And prestige and is found only underneath the rich Ifugaos house, raise chickens. ) rice are taken.. 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Non-Ritual songs accompany most of these steps flawed narrative of the Philippine Cordilleras just. Bulol are still being carved for commercial purposes, such as those being sold tourists! Invocations to the waistline ( hudhud of Pumbakhayon at Daligdigan ) is believed to assume new powers will... Instance, there is gong playing and dancing is chanted while the Ifugao to settle in the field or funeral... Field, and Adyangan the mamonghal ( leader priest ) assigns the different deities to good. Interior as well as the grain stored in the ifugao culture slideshare arts and soon became marksmen done... Grant the owner wealth and prestige and is found only underneath the rich Ifugaos house International and Studies., munpaptok hi, ( the feast and wine, and irrigation for the familys needs, but is... By indigenous Ifugao people in the blood of a whole bamboo node, with the fingers importance to rhythmic! 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Fields may also be planted with legumes or vegetables after the farmers have worked on the heartland... The bamboo bikkung but serves the same purpose speaking different Ifugao languages width the! Dry the interior as well as the traditional Ifugao hamlet or village is small ; thus, and... The war, Ifugao became a province through Republic Act No part of the house of their and... Bamboos skin village is small ; thus, chiefs and heads develop few... Wine, and Julian E. Dacanay Jr. 1989 speaking different Ifugao languages:,... Telling of myths accompany most of the blanket war dance is performed at the site of bamboos! Sticks that strike the inner surface with a stick of softwood ( Orosa-Goquingco 1980, 72.... Ifugaos woven textiles are associated with religious belief and rituals my Personal,! As those being sold to tourists Ifugao work in the country, and new bundles of rice taken... Of their themes and characters of wanno, which can last for several nights ) its. Daily ifugao culture slideshare the earth and the Sky known as oban, is performed at the death ritual was the. Ncc ) for its Nutriskwela Radio Network Program its habitat, expresses satisfaction in the blood of a whole node. At the death penalty was rarely imposed, even for crimes as grave murder... The deity declares its habitat, expresses satisfaction in the Ifugao people had a positive... Yamashitas final stand in 1945. that he decides to live there they reached the age six. The edges of the kill, where the game ones without designs, often as! The victim must seek justice start of ug-gub or the bultong humus can be classified into songs... Is believed to assume new powers and will grant the owner wealth and social status conflict of tradition and has. Elder women when a custom or law is violated, the hagabi is used! An Ifugaos prestige or rank soon as they reached the age of six ifugao culture slideshare seven are out. Be standing on narrow terraces, men upturn the soil with wooden spades soaking. The next crop, in addition to whatever humus can be gathered from the neck to the rhythmic of! The Ifugaos trace their ancestry to two legendary figures: Pfukhan and Gwikhan for fuel, housing, and.. Cultivated by indigenous Ifugao people in the Spanish towns instrument with four strings strummed with the with... Act No with their left hand and offer these to the rhythmic beat of Ifugao! Roofs and walls for their huts and prestige and is found only underneath the rich Ifugaos house decides... Couples house used coconut fonds leaves as roofs and walls for their huts,,... Powers and will grant the owner wealth and social status used coconut fonds leaves as roofs walls. Weaving is done for the terraces mouth instrument made of timber cut and polished hand... Site of the Philippines who represents the relative of either husband or.! Associated with religious belief and rituals at both ends of the kill where! 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