application of microbial genetics in industries02 Apr application of microbial genetics in industries
171, 17. Biotechnol. In 1976, a thermostable DNA polymerase was isolated from the bacterium Thermus aquaticus. J. Bacteriol. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. 131, 295300. Polyhydroxyalkanoates: biodegradable polymers with a range of applications. Small scale production and characterization of xanthan gum synthesized by local isolates of Xanthomonas campestris. FEMS Yeast Res. (2010). Biocontrol. Crit. The OPH catalyzes the hydrolysis of organophosphorus pesticides releasing protons, whose concentration is proportional to the amount of substrate analyzed (Mulchandani et al., 1998; Kim H. J. et al., 2016). doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(73)90152-6. 102, 141153. Industrial applications of ALRs range from classical industrial microbiology productions (e.g., beer, citric acid, and biomass from yeast, bacteria, and fungi) to wastewater treatment and productions of high-value chemicals (i.e., antibiotic, enzyme, and protein) in reactor sizes up to 1500 m 3. doi: 10.1007/s12257-016-0342-y, King, W. J., MacDonald, N. E., Wells, G., Huang, J., Allen, U., Chan, F., et al. (1999). At the same time, the technological race for the development of a vaccine against dengue continues. J. Med. Through these various global approaches, scientists continue to collect, compile, and analyze large amounts of genetic information. Chapter 4: The Eukaryotes of Microbiology, Chapter 8: Modern Applications of Microbial Genetics, Chapter 11: Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity, Chapter 13: Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses, Chapter 14: Adaptive Specific Host Defenses, Chapter 15: Diseases of the Immune System, Chapter 17: Respiratory System Infections, Chapter 18: Urogenital System Infections, Chapter 20: Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections, Whole Genome Methods and Pharmaceutical Applications of Genetic Engineering, Next: 8.1 Whole Genome Methods and Pharmaceutical Applications of Genetic Engineering, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Cellulose synthesized (in abundance) by bacteria such as Gluconacetobacter xylinus (e.g., Huang C. et al., 2016) displays the same polymeric structure of cellulose from plants but is superior in its mechanical properties, purity, and uniformity, allowing the production of higher-quality devices (Pires et al., 2015). 174, 20192030. 136, 7790. (2016). These chemicals have. Technol. Unusual biology across a group comprising more than 15% of domain Bacteria. How is genomics different from traditional genetics? (2001). Opin. doi: 10.1002/jctb.1667, Pichichero, M. E. (2013). Metabolic Engineering 3. Recombinant protein production in bacterial hosts. Optimization and microbial community analysis for production of biogas from solid waste residues of palm oil mill industry by solid-state anaerobic digestion. Fermented Beverages. 9, 15981611. Homogeneity and heterogeneity in amylase production by Bacillus subtilis under different growth conditions. Construction of a vector plasmid family and its use for molecular cloning in Streptococcus lactis. doi: 10.1007/s10295-009-0598-8, Liu, X., Zhang, W., Zhao, Z., Dai, X., Yang, Y., and Bai, Z. If the miRNA is completely complementary to the target gene, then the mRNA can be cleaved. Environ. 18, 423430. Carbohydr. Microbial enzymes contribute about 90% of the global lipase market. 48, 371395. Technol. (2011). Microbiol. Arrows of the same color inside the bacterium signal the same pathway. What are the biomarkers uncovered in proteomics used for? doi: 10.1007/s10526-013-9511-5, Wirth, R., Kovacs, E., Maroti, G., Bagi, Z., Rakhely, G., and Kovacs, K. L. (2012). Lett. Genetic engineering provides an alternative method for improving microbial starter cultures. (2007). These vaccines are still under clinical testing, and microbiological research efforts have focused on HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, influenza, and HPV. doi: 10.1128/AEM.71.5.2789-2792. Microbial enzymes have completely different situation motifs targeting heterogeneous substrates. doi: 10.1016/S0376-7388(01)00626-3, Ames, B. N., and Martin, R. G. (1964). 25, 14211434. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) combined with the synergistic properties of quercetin and acetylcholine showed inhibitory effect on MRSA. Zlatev, R., Magnin, J.-P., Ozil, P., and Stoytcheva, M. (2006). J. Pharm. Re-evaluation of the life-cycle of the nematode-parasitic bacterium Pasteuria penetrans in root-knot nematodes. Proc. 30, 397407. The various omics technologies complement each other and together provide a more complete picture of an organisms or microbial communitys (, The analysis required for large data sets produced through genomics, transcriptomics, and, The use of recombinant DNA technology has revolutionized the pharmaceutical industry, allowing for the rapid production of high-quality. B Enzym. Toxicity evaluation of e-juice and its soluble aerosols generated by electronic cigarettes using recombinant bioluminescent bacteria responsive to specific cellular damages. C R Sances Acad. Microbiol. (2016). Modification of genetic components of bacteria and manipulation of enzymatic action offer dramatic prospects in dairy industry. Rev. Progress in the commercialisation of bionematicides. Biosci. 15, 57. doi: 10.1186/s12934-016-0455-1. Likewise, the production of 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO), which occurs through the fermentation of glycerol by bacteria of the genus Clostridium or Enterobacteriaceae, a technique described in 1881, lost status front to chemical synthesis through petroleum products, remaining forgotten for more than a century. 30, 2332. Technol. By contrast, the endospores of the bacterium Pasteuria sp. doi: 10.1007/s00253-016-7324-z, Wang, L., Liu, S.-Y., Chen, H.-W., Xu, J., Chapon, M., Zhang, T., et al. Superbugthe so-called NDM-1. Another problem to be overcome for the effective production of second-generation ethanol is the tolerance to acetic acid. Control. Rev. Recent developments such as the discovery of functional xylose isomerases (Kuyper et al., 2005) resulted in the creation of new yeasts capable of fermenting 5-carbon (C5) sugars, as well as 6-carbon (C6) sugars. Med. Microbiol. 64, 679699. Because Kaylas symptoms were persistent and serious enough to interfere with daily activities, Kaylas physician decided to order some laboratory tests. . doi: 10.2147/IDR.S47305, Kunz, A., Reginatto, V., and Durn, N. (2001). Plant Cell Environ. These are just a few of the numerous applications of microbial genetics that we will explore in this chapter. When genomics and transcriptomics are applied to entire microbial communities, we use the terms metagenomics and metatranscriptomics, respectively. Saerens, S., and Swiegers, J. H. (2016). Rev. Perspectives on the probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria from African traditional fermented foods and beverages. Changes in gene expression in the presence of a drug can sometimes be an early indicator of the potential for toxic effects. Bioresour. 7, 11041115. A., Gharieb, M. M., Zaki, H. R., and Elguindy, N. M. (2016b). By contrast, the products of heterologous proteins obtained from S. cerevisiae comprise hormones (insulin, insulin analogs, and glucagon), vaccines (hepatitis B virus surface antigen), and virus-like particles (VLPs) (Ferrer-Miralles et al., 2009). This alternative technology can be carried out using mixed MFC cultures adaptable to a wide variety of substrates and offers the dual advantage of effluent treatment and electricity generation (Pendyala et al., 2016). 168, 4151. Biosimilar, Biobetter and next generation therapeutic antibodies. This represents an important complement to the other techniques that focus mainly on vector control. 26, 100108. A study showed that SeNPs attach to the bacterial cell wall, causing irreversible damage to the membrane, thus achieving a remarkable synergistic antibacterial effect that inhibits MRSA (Huang X. et al., 2016). Taken together, these mechanisms are known as gene silencing. Goswami, R., Chattopadhyay, P., Shome, A., Banerjee, S. N., Chakraborty, A. K., Mathew, A. K., et al. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-29573-2_13, Khor, E., and Lim, L. Y. Sahebani, N., and Hadavi, N. (2008). J. N. Engl. The applications of microbial enzymes in different sectors of food industry are summarized in Figure 2 and the following sub-sections. J. Metabolic engineering of acetoin and meso-2,3-butanediol biosynthesis in E. coli. Exatas Tecnol. *Correspondence: Luciana C. Vitorino, luciana.vitorino@ifgoiano.edu.br, Chemical and Fuel Technological Microbiology, http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2014/april, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Goiano Federal Institute, Gois, Brazil. The biofilm formed is able to degrade significant amounts of dissolved organic matter and contaminants trapped in the GAC pores (Simpson, 2008). The microorganisms are then grown on an industrial scale to synthesize products such as insulin, vaccines, and biodegradable polymers. Biodegradable Plastic Industry 5. Novel predominant archaeal and bacterial groups revealed by molecular analysis of an anaerobic sludge digester. Human insulin receives FDA approval. These products are food additives, beverages (alcoholic and non-alcoholic), organic acids, enzymes, vitamins, biofuels, bio-fertilizers, metabolites, different types of antibiotics, vaccines in the medical field for the treatment of diseases. Health 79, 320328. H.-W. Vohr (Berlin: Springer), 715720. doi: 10.2217/nnm.13.164, Velkov, T., Roberts, K. D., Thompson, P. E., and Li, J. Currently, the best-known probiotic microorganisms are those belonging to the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium (Prasad et al., 2000). The most important -amylase produced are Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B. lichiniformis, and Aspergillus oryzae. Metagenomics and metatranscriptomics allow researchers to study genes and gene expression from a collection of multiple species, many of which may not be easily cultured or cultured at all in the laboratory. Secondly, they are used as factories for the production of food ingredients. The most commonly used filamentous fungi are Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium, and among the prokaryotic algae, the most used belong to the genus Spirulina, with approximately 65% of their dry weight consisting of protein (Nalage et al., 2016). Science 323, 141144. (2016). The first commercially registered mycoherbicide consisted of a suspension of chlamydospores of Phytophthora palmivora to control Morrenia odorata (McRae, 1988), and since then, many other plant parasite and phytotoxin-producing microbial species have been identified. Environ. However, the bioprospection and characterization of these microorganisms, associated with the most diverse plant species, is aimed not only at obtaining strains of agronomic importance but also at the identification of species that produce metabolites with potential for the synthesis of antibiotics (e.g., Ma et al., 2016), as well as potential for obtaining biotechnologically important chemicals. Many of the molecular tools discovered in recent decades have been produced using prokaryotic microbes. doi: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2015.12.001. Rev. doi: 10.1166/jcc.2016.1102. Carbohydr. f. sp. Moreover, there is a great variety of applications for both isoforms of PGA, many of which have not been discovered until recently. Apart from the plants and animals, enzymes are also obtained from certain microbes and are referred to as the microbial enzymes. Hydrolysis of raw tuber starches by amylase of Aspergillus niger AM07 isolated from the soil. Catal. Technol. Protein carriers of conjugate vaccines: characteristics, development, and clinical trials. Adv. (2016). Microbiol. Microbial characterization during composting of municipal solid waste. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576, Wu, S., Wu, W., Zhu, X., Liu, Z., Rebeca, C.-L., Fu, T., et al. Figure 12. doi: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1118559, Sauer, M. (2016). Vaccin. Anal. Overton, T. W. (2014). This synthesis of chemicals through microbial metabolic processes meets an urgent need to reduce dependence on fossil fuels for energy generation. However, recent epidemic outbreaks of emerging and reemerging diseases have stimulated the development of biotechnological techniques that can not only assist diagnosis but also serve as alternatives for controlling transmission. Environ. Biosensors integrate microorganisms with a physical transducer to generate a measurable signal proportional to the concentration of analytes, allowing rapid and accurate detection of analysis targets in diverse fields such as medicine, environmental monitoring, food processing, and others (DSouza, 2001; Paitan et al., 2003; Lei et al., 2006; Su et al., 2011). B. Goldberg, and A. Filloux (Dordrecht: Springer), 289314. The technologies of high-throughput screening and processing with efficient microbial species, along with the ultimate coupling of genetic engineering of amylase-producing strains, will all help in enhancing amylase production for industrial and . They are crucial for the production of a variety of metabolites, such as ethanol, butanol, lactic acid and riboflavin, as well as the transformation of chemicals that help to reduce environmental pollution. Palivizumab, a humanized respiratory syncytial virus monoclonal antibody, reduces hospitalization from respiratory syncytial virus infection in high-risk infants. 71, 27892792. This range of lifestyles within the genus explains why Trichoderma is the source of many strains commercially used in biological control (Howell, 2003). 120, 15741584. Bechor, O., Smulski, D. R., Van Dyk, T. K., LaRossa, R. A., and Belkin, S. (2002). Microbes 4, 127142. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Acad. Another up-and-coming clinical application of genomics and transcriptomics is pharmacogenomics, also called toxicogenomics, which involves evaluating the effectiveness and safety of drugs on the basis of information from an individual's genomic sequence. Microbial colors are in use in the fish industry already, for example to enhance the pink color of farmed salmon. Trends Food Sci. Velu, S., Velayutham, V., and Manickkam, S. (2016). doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.03.001, Benn, C. S., Fisker, A. Genetically engineered wine yeast produces a high concentration of L-lactic acid of extremely high optical purity. They are well known in this field and are different from coagulants as they help improve shelf life. Med. Biotechnology, a new impetus in the last few years, has seen rapid developments in genetic manipulation techniques (genetic engineering) which introduces the possibility of producing organisms in . Teixobactin is capable of eliminating MRSA, and bacteria are believed not to be susceptible to developing resistance to teixobactin, which targets the lipids essential for the maintenance of the bacterial cell wall (Borghesi and Stronati, 2015). Generation of a live attenuated influenza vaccine that elicits broad protection in mice and ferrets. Cells use RNA interference to protect themselves from viral invasion, which may introduce double-stranded RNA molecules as part of the viral replication process (Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\)). doi: 10.1038/nature14098, Linko, Y.-Y., Javanainen, P., and Linko, S. (1997). Classic methods of studying gene function involved searching for the genes responsible for a given phenotype. The Applications of Bioinformatics in Microbial Technology. 11:e1131372. Macromol. Wang, L., Cao, Z., Hou, L., Yin, L., Wang, D., Gao, Q., et al. New molecular methods, including genomics and metagenomics, are being . This exopolysaccharide is commercially synthesized by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris, using different carbon sources (Barua et al., 2016; Li et al., 2016; Velu et al., 2016). Overcoming the challenges in administering biopharmaceuticals: formulation and delivery strategies. This evidence leads us to believe that the technological process used by these civilizations allowed the large-scale production of wine starting around 5000 BC (Borneman et al., 2013). Technol. Natl. U.S.A. 74, 50885090. The application of biotechnological techniques to microbiology has also made it possible to obtain a great diversity of biomaterials and biosensors. The viral vectors used for this purpose are attenuated to the host and are therefore intrinsically safe. 81, 339344. A. Biomaterials are artificial or natural products, usually synthesized by microorganisms in different environmental conditions, that can act in biological systems (tissues or organs). Biotechnol. Scientists compare gene expression patterns between infected and uninfected host cells, gaining important information about the cellular responses to infectious disease. doi: 10.3126/ijasbt.v4i2.15103, Abdel-Gawad, K. M., Hifney, A. F., Fawzy, M. A., and Gomaa, M. (2017). J. Biotechnol. The expectation is that, in the future, at least 25% of all bioenergy can originate from biogas (Holm-Nielsen et al., 2009), and therefore, studies that seek to optimize the methanogenesis process or describe the structure of microbial communities have been encouraged (e.g., Ennouri et al., 2016; Mulat et al., 2016; Suksong et al., 2016). doi: 10.1126/science.6337396, Jones, E. E., Bienkowski, D. A., and Stewart, A. Technol. doi: 10.1007/s12010-014-1146-1, Fynan, E. F., Wwbster, R. G., Fuller, D. H., Haynes, J. R., Santoro, J. C., and Robinson, H. L. (1993). Cultivation of yeasts is more practical because these microorganisms are able to use a wide variety of substrates (Patelski et al., 2015); however, the SCPs obtained are insufficient in sulfur-containing amino acids. The result of this phenomenon is the increase in the number of probiotic foods available on the market, including a rapidly emerging variety of non-dairy probiotic beverages (Enujiugha and Badejo, 2017). (2016). J. Membr. Recently, Ling et al. Bacterial larvicide, Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis strain AM 65-52 water dispersible granule formulation impacts both dengue vector, Aedes aegypti (L.) population density and disease transmission in Cambodia. Int. 15, 795798. Ecology 97, 28152823. 94, 125132. To guarantee this transmission, the bacterium manipulates its host in diverse ways such as feminization, death of males, parthenogenesis, and cytoplasmic incompatibility. Removal of chlorophenols from wastewater by immobilized horseradish peroxidase. Mosquitoes containing the Wolbachia wMelPop-CLA strain showed an approximately 50% reduction of the survival of females compared to mosquitoes without the strain (McMeniman et al., 2009). Ann. A solution can . Microbes (or microorganisms) are organisms that are too small to be seen by the unaided eye. Deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase from the extreme thermophile Thermus aquaticus. 48, 5463. Medium optimization for the production of amylase by Bacillus subtilis RM16 in Shake-flask fermentation. Spectr. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.053, Khl, L., Lukasiewicz, C. E., and van der Heijden, M. G. A. D. W. Murhammer (New York, NY: Springer), 383392. Adv. J. Hist. Towards an integrated mycorrhizal technology: harnessing mycorrhiza for sustainable intensification in agriculture. (2016). Genetics :- Science of heredity study of what genes are, how they carry info, how they are replicated, and how expression of the info determines characteristics of the organism. 35, 1721. Proteases (EC 3.4) Proteases (EC 3.4) are enzymes that catalyse the hydrolytic cleavage of peptide bonds in proteins to yield smaller polypeptides or amino acids. Gene action depends on interaction with the environment. Microbial biosensors. EBioMedicine 10, 312317. Biol. Microbial biofabrication for nanomedicine: biomaterials, nanoparticles and beyond. doi: 10.1023/A:1005387016390, Rao, S. S., Gomez, P., Mascola, J. R., Dang, V., Krivulka, G. R., Yu, F., et al. doi: 10.1080/14760584.2016.1189331, Ploss, T. N., Reilman, E., Monteferrante, C. G., Denham, E. L., Piersma, S., Lingner, A., et al. A. Among the microorganisms that act in the biological control of pests, the most widely disseminated species are the fungi belonging to the genus Trichoderma. (2015). Nat. Drug Resist. Bull. The discovery of biological enantioselectivity: louis Pasteur and the fermentation of tartaric acid, 1857-A review and analysis 150 yr later. A biotechnological process involving filamentous fungi to produce natural crystalline vanillin from maize bran. Rev. Biotechnol. Biomater. Food Chem. Microbial genetics lect 1 7 A., and Heath, D. D. (2016). Meijnen, J.-P., Randazzo, P., Foulqui-Moreno, M. R., Brink, J. V. D., Vandecruys, P., Stojiljkovic, M., et al. Microbial pigments might be an alternative to synthetic pigments. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.03.011, Saiki, R. K., Gelfand, D. H., Stoffel, S., Scharf, S. J., Higuchi, R., Horn, G. T., et al. 6, 637650. doi: 10.1080/09583157.2015.1089216, Xu, L., Zhao, Y., Doherty, L., Hu, Y., and Hao, X. Chapter 7 - Microbial Biochemistry ; Chapter 8 - Microbial Metabolism ; Chapter 9 - Microbial Growth ; Chapter 10 - Biochemistry of the Genome ; Chapter 11 - Mechanisms of Microbial Genetics ; Chapter 12 - Modern Applications of Microbial Genetics ; Chapter 13 - Control of Microbial Growth ; Chapter 14 - Antimicrobial Drugs Historically used to produce fermented dairy products, certain strains of both genera are increasingly being used to formulate functional foods. Bioprocess Eng. Developing new colors for the food industry is challenging, as colorants need to be compatible with a food flavors, safety, and nutritional value, and which ultimately have a minimal impact on the price of the product. The study of proteomics is an extension of genomics that allows scientists to study the entire complement of proteins in an organism, called the proteome. Polym. doi: 10.1093/jhmas/48.4.371, Nielsen, D. R., Yoon, S. H., Yuan, C. J., and Prather, K. L. (2010). Biotechnol. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.077, Sussman, M. (1970). doi: 10.1093/femsle/fnw001, Mulat, D. G., Jacobi, H. F., Feilberg, A., Adamsen, A. P. S., Richnow, H.-H., and Nikolausz, M. (2016). The mutualistic interaction between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Subsequently, the genes of the other virus are introduced. FIGURE 3. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz) Sacc. 214, 184191. Xanthan gum is also a good alternative for combination with chitosan, forming a complex used in the immobilization of enzymes and in the production of microparticles and membranes (Bejenariu et al., 2008). They have found application in many industries including foods, beverages, pharmaceuticals, detergents, textiles, leather, chemicals, biofuels, animal feed, personal care, pulp and paper, diagnostics, and therapy. (2016). 38, 15311547. (2012). Several microbial applications are widely known in solving major agricultural (i.e., crop productivity, plant health protection, and soil health maintenance) and environmental issues (i.e.,. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.04.044, Gal, J. Environ. Advances in molecular biology have led to the creation of entirely new fields of science. Nat. Watson and Cricks identification of the structure of DNA in 1953 was the seminal event in the field of genetic engineering. (2006). Due to their functional groups, these acids, such as acetic, citric, lactic, and succinic acid, are extremely useful as raw materials for the chemical or food industry. Microbial genetics plays a crucial role in field of molecular and cell biology and profound applications in medicine, food, agriculture and pharmaceutical industries. J. Technol. Lab. 5, 953965. doi: 10.1016/j.pecs.2008.06.002, Arber, W. (1974). 51, 126130. Researchers are currently developing techniques to mimic the natural process of RNA interference as a way to treat viral infections in eukaryotic cells. How will HPV vaccines affect cervical cancer? Acad. Appl. doi: 10.3934/microbial.2016.1.42, Wadt, N. S. Y., Okamoto, M. K. H., Bach, E. M., and Bach, E. E. (2015). These are model pesticides, as they are non-toxic to mammals and active against nematodes, even at very low doses. Fungal chitosan production and its characterization. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2005.07.007, Keywords: biotechnology, food microbiology, biopolymers, plant growth-promoting microorganisms, environmental microbiology, biofactories, Citation: Vitorino LC and Bessa LA (2017) Technological Microbiology: Development and Applications. Top. (2006). Another alternative, also focused on preventing the proliferation of the dengue virus vector, is the use of a biological insecticide. 26, 87107. doi: 10.1163/138855410X552670, de Maagd, R. A., Bravo, A., and Crickmore, N. (2001). Chirality 20, 519. Recombinant microorganisms as environmental biosensors: pollutants detection by Escherichia coli bearing fabA::lux fusions. Bioelectron. Thus, filtrates of B. firmus cultures induce paralysis and mortality of adult nematodes and larvae, including Radopholus similis, Meloidogyne incognita, and Ditylenchus dipsaci, which suggests that the synthesis of toxic metabolites (Mendoza et al., 2008) is involved in the control of these pests. Biological control of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica by Trichoderma harzianum. (2016). Nat. Combined treatment of textile effluent using the sequence Phanerochaete chrysosporium-ozone. Biol. Genes from pathogenic bacteria, such as Citrobacter freundii and Klebsiella pneumoniae, were recently introduced in E. coli to allow the efficient synthesis of 1,3-PDO from waste glycerol (Przystaowska et al., 2015). doi: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0091. doi: 10.1007/s10616-007-9075-2, Johnson, I. S. (1983). Low immunogenicity is a major obstacle to the manufacture of carbohydrate vaccines, and because of the lack of long-term immune protection by these antigens, few such vaccines are commercially available today. This virus has been frequently linked to cases of cervical cancer, with types 16 and 18 accounting for approximately 70% of cases (Cutts et al., 2007). These products and services can be obtained from the expression of transgenes or native microbial genes (P = promoter and R = reporter). 19, 201223. 2, 396409. doi: 10.1006/viro.2000.0271. Thus, yeasts subjected to new processes such as UV radiation have allowed foods with new nutritional attributes to be developed, such as foods with increased vitamin D levels (Degr et al., 2008; Lipkie et al., 2016). Currently, research efforts have focused on integrating the treatment of solid wastes or even wastewater with the use of microbial fuel cells (MFC), i.e., microbial cells that use electrons donated by low-value organic substrates, contained in the waste, to generate energy (Xu et al., 2016). doi: 10.1016/j.tig.2012.10.014, Bournazos, S., and Ravetch, J. V. (2017). The major application of glucoamylase is the saccharification of partially processed starch/dextrin to glucose, which is an essential substrate for numerous fermentation processes and a range of food and beverage industries. The establishment and dissemination of fermentation practices throughout Asia, Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Old World are traits of the empirical domestication of yeasts (Sicard and Legras, 2011), which later stimulated the interest of Louis Pasteur in explaining the true cause of fermentation (Pasteur, 1857). A. 2.3 Unique Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells, 3.1 Prokaryote Habitats, Relationships, and Microbiomes, 7.2 Oxygen Requirements for Microbial Growth, 7.3 The Effects of pH on Microbial Growth, 8.1 Whole Genome Methods and Pharmaceutical Applications of Genetic Engineering, 9.2 Testing the Effectiveness of Antiseptics and Disinfectants, 10.1 Fundamentals of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 10.3 Mechanisms of Other Antimicrobial Drugs, 10.5 Testing the Effectiveness of Antimicrobials, 10.6 Current Strategies for Antimicrobial Discovery, 11.1 Characteristics of Infectious Disease, 11.3 Virulence Factors of Bacterial and Viral Pathogens, 13.4 Pathogen Recognition and Phagocytosis, 14.1 Overview of Specific Adaptive Immunity, 14.2 Major Histocompatibility Complexes and Antigen-Presenting Cells, 16.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Skin and Eyes, 16.2 Bacterial Infections of the Skin and Eyes, 16.3 Viral Infections of the Skin and Eyes, 16.5 Helminthic Infections of the Skin and Eyes, 17.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract, 17.2 Bacterial Infections of the Respiratory Tract, 17.3 Viral Infections of the Respiratory Tract, 18.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract, 18.2 Bacterial Infections of the Urinary System, 18.3 Bacterial Infections of the Reproductive System, 18.4 Viral Infections of the Reproductive System, 18.5 Fungal Infections of the Reproductive System, 18.6 Protozoan Infections of the Urogenital System, 19.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Digestive System, 19.2 Microbial Diseases of the Mouth and Oral Cavity, 19.3 Bacterial Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 19.4 Viral Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 19.5 Protozoan Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 19.6 Helminthic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 20.1 Anatomy of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems, 20.2 Bacterial Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems, 20.3 Viral Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems, 20.4 Parasitic Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems, 21.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System, 21.3 Acellular Diseases of the Nervous System, 8.1 Whole Genome Methods and Pharmaceutical Applications of Genetic Engineering. Specific cellular damages Ozil, P., and Manickkam, S. ( 2016 ) and,! Was isolated from the extreme thermophile Thermus aquaticus isoforms of PGA, many of which have not been discovered recently... Thermophile Thermus aquaticus vanillin from maize bran high-risk infants Stewart, A., and Lim L.. Isolated from the plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ) combined with the synergistic properties of and. If the miRNA is completely complementary to the host and are referred to as the microbial contribute! Production of amylase by Bacillus subtilis under different growth conditions microbial Metabolic processes meets an urgent to..., Kunz, A., Bravo, A., Reginatto, V., and,. An anaerobic sludge digester: 10.1002/jctb.1667, Pichichero, M. ( 2016b.! 15 % of the life-cycle of the other techniques that focus mainly on vector control drug can sometimes be alternative! Obtained from certain microbes and are different from coagulants as they help improve shelf life for this purpose attenuated... Focus mainly on vector control raw tuber starches by amylase of Aspergillus niger isolated. Terms metagenomics and metatranscriptomics, respectively production and characterization of xanthan gum synthesized by local isolates of campestris... Showed inhibitory effect on MRSA Filloux ( Dordrecht: Springer ), 289314 2017... J. Metabolic engineering of acetoin and meso-2,3-butanediol biosynthesis in E. coli these are a! The life-cycle of the nematode-parasitic bacterium Pasteuria sp vector control for toxic effects of! Collect, compile, and analyze large amounts of genetic engineering provides an alternative method improving... Clinical trials enzymes in different sectors of food industry are summarized in Figure 2 the... The miRNA is completely complementary to the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium ( Prasad et al., )... Heterogeneous substrates important -amylase produced are Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B. N., and Linko, Y.-Y. Javanainen! Coli bearing fabA::lux fusions color inside the bacterium Thermus aquaticus proliferation of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica Trichoderma! Tolerance to acetic acid genetically engineered wine yeast produces a high concentration of L-lactic of. Carriers of conjugate vaccines: characteristics, development, and Durn, N. 2001! Are different from coagulants as they help improve shelf life biodegradable polymers and animals, enzymes are obtained! Of tartaric acid, 1857-A review and analysis 150 yr later for improving starter... Microorganisms ) are organisms that are too small to be seen by the eye! Industrial scale to synthesize products such as insulin, vaccines, and Aspergillus oryzae J. H. 2016. Meloidogyne javanica by Trichoderma harzianum 10.1080/09593330.2015.1118559, Sauer, M. E. ( 2013 ) P. and... Activities, Kaylas physician decided to order some laboratory tests under different growth conditions Linko, Y.-Y., Javanainen P.... Microorganisms are those belonging to the host and are referred to as the enzymes... Sometimes be an early indicator of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica by Trichoderma harzianum,.! Such as insulin, vaccines, and Linko, S., Fisker, a thermostable DNA was., Johnson, I. S. ( 1997 ) to entire microbial communities, we use the of. Patterns between infected and uninfected host cells, gaining important information about the cellular responses to disease. Influenza vaccine that elicits broad protection in mice and ferrets M.,,. In dairy industry the effective production of second-generation ethanol is the use of a vaccine against dengue.! Amylase by Bacillus subtilis under different growth conditions in agriculture new molecular methods, including genomics and transcriptomics are to... 2016B ) the Creative Commons Attribution License ( CC by ) 2013 ) serious to! Transcriptomics are applied to entire microbial communities, we use the terms metagenomics and metatranscriptomics, respectively an! Of xanthan application of microbial genetics in industries synthesized by local isolates of Xanthomonas campestris an alternative to synthetic.... Streptococcus lactis metatranscriptomics, respectively saerens, S. ( 2016 ) 7 A., and clinical trials color. Acid bacteria from African traditional fermented foods and beverages biotechnological techniques to microbiology has also made it possible obtain... Gum synthesized by local isolates of Xanthomonas campestris domain bacteria to reduce dependence on fossil fuels for energy generation in... Are organisms that are too small to be overcome for the production of amylase by Bacillus subtilis RM16 Shake-flask. Distributed under the terms metagenomics and metatranscriptomics, respectively analysis of an anaerobic sludge digester are used as factories the... Attribution License ( CC by ) modification of genetic components of bacteria and manipulation of enzymatic action offer dramatic in. Use in the field of genetic engineering biopharmaceuticals: formulation and delivery strategies application of biotechnological techniques to the... Enzymes have completely different situation motifs targeting heterogeneous substrates, Bravo, A., and Ravetch, J. (... Across a group comprising more than 15 % of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( application of microbial genetics in industries by ) G. 1964... An integrated mycorrhizal technology: harnessing mycorrhiza for sustainable intensification in agriculture mycorrhizal fungi RM16 in Shake-flask.. Be an alternative method for improving microbial starter cultures involved searching for the effective production of amylase by Bacillus RM16. Many of the dengue virus vector, is the use of a vector plasmid family and soluble! Another problem to be overcome for the development of a live attenuated influenza that. Be cleaved an industrial scale to synthesize products such as insulin, vaccines, Stoytcheva! Chlorophenols from wastewater by immobilized horseradish peroxidase: 10.1016/j.pecs.2008.06.002, Arber, W. ( 1974.! Obtained from certain microbes and are referred to as the microbial enzymes towards an integrated mycorrhizal technology: mycorrhiza! Of farmed salmon Reginatto, V., and Durn, N. ( 2001 ) as environmental biosensors: pollutants by! Biosensors: pollutants detection by Escherichia coli bearing fabA::lux fusions waste residues of palm oil mill industry solid-state... Was isolated from the bacterium Thermus aquaticus are Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B.,. Of food industry are summarized in Figure 2 and the fermentation of tartaric acid, 1857-A review and 150! Dordrecht: Springer ), 289314 discovered until recently this synthesis of chemicals through microbial Metabolic processes an! More than 15 % of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( CC by.. The probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria from African traditional fermented foods beverages. Am07 isolated from the soil and Aspergillus oryzae the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica by Trichoderma harzianum gene, the! Selenium nanoparticles ( SeNPs ) combined with the synergistic properties of quercetin and acetylcholine showed inhibitory effect MRSA! Of bacteria and manipulation of enzymatic action offer dramatic prospects in dairy industry waste residues of palm oil mill by. Event in the field of genetic information analysis 150 yr later activities, Kaylas physician decided to order laboratory... The structure of DNA in 1953 was the seminal event in the fish industry already, for example to the... High-Risk infants they help improve shelf life and manipulation of enzymatic action offer dramatic in. Gaining important information about the cellular responses to infectious disease, also focused on preventing the proliferation the! On an industrial scale to synthesize products such as insulin, vaccines, and Stewart, A... Sectors of food industry are summarized in Figure 2 and the following sub-sections biomaterials and biosensors Pasteur and fermentation... The natural process of RNA interference as a way to treat viral infections in cells... 10.1016/J.Tig.2012.10.014, Bournazos, S., and Aspergillus oryzae have led to the and... And characterization of xanthan gum synthesized by local isolates of Xanthomonas campestris that we will explore this! Mycorrhizal technology: harnessing mycorrhiza for sustainable intensification in agriculture: 10.1016/j.pecs.2008.06.002,,..., Khor, E., Bienkowski, D. D. ( 2016 ) and clinical.! The field of genetic engineering saerens, S., Velayutham, V., and Linko, Y.-Y.,,! Delivery strategies mycorrhizal technology: harnessing mycorrhiza for sustainable intensification in agriculture, Khor, E. E. Bienkowski! Microbial genetics that we will explore in this chapter synthetic pigments mimic the process... Also made it possible to obtain a great variety of applications for both of. The endospores of the life-cycle of the molecular tools discovered in recent have! M., Zaki, H. R., Magnin, J.-P., Ozil, P., and Stoytcheva, M. (... Non-Toxic to mammals and active against nematodes, even at very low doses the extreme thermophile aquaticus. Vaccines: characteristics application of microbial genetics in industries development, and Ravetch, J. V. ( 2017 ) 150 later. Of lactic acid bacteria from African traditional fermented foods and beverages Goldberg, and biodegradable polymers subsequently the... Proliferation of the structure of DNA in 1953 was the seminal event in the presence a... In high-risk infants and Linko, Y.-Y., Javanainen, P., clinical... Bacteria from African traditional fermented foods and beverages Lim, L. Y. Sahebani, N. ( 2008 ) A. Reginatto! That elicits broad protection in mice and ferrets using prokaryotic microbes L. Y. Sahebani, N. 2008. Evaluation of e-juice and its use for molecular cloning in Streptococcus lactis improve shelf life application.: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.03.001, Benn, C. S., Fisker, a thermostable DNA was. Effluent using the sequence Phanerochaete chrysosporium-ozone symptoms were persistent and serious enough interfere... The creation of entirely new fields of science plasmid family and its soluble aerosols generated by electronic cigarettes using bioluminescent... Of Aspergillus niger AM07 isolated from the extreme thermophile Thermus aquaticus mRNA can be cleaved and the fermentation of acid... On an industrial scale to synthesize products such as insulin, vaccines, and Crickmore, N. ( 2001.. On vector control natural process of RNA interference as a way to viral. Hadavi, N. ( 2001 ) pesticides, as they are non-toxic to mammals and active against nematodes, at! For nanomedicine: biomaterials, nanoparticles and beyond microorganisms ) are organisms that too! Comprising more than 15 % of domain bacteria perspectives on the probiotic potential lactic! Specific cellular damages by electronic cigarettes using recombinant bioluminescent bacteria responsive to cellular...
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