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On March 13 (March 1, Old Style), 1881, Alexander II was assassinated, and the following day autocratic power passed to his son. (Note: all dates prior to 1918 are in the Old Style Calendar), married 16 November 1916, Colonel Nikolai Kulikovsky (18811958); had two children. He was known to be highly conservative and a staunch supporter of Russian nationalism. He was a loving father and devoted husband. Please send your comments or suggestions on this page to Scott Malsom. Indeed, he was not educated or prepared in his youth to be Emperor. Because of his love for maintaining peaceful foreign relations, he earned the moniker, "The Peacemaker". Pobedonostsev believed that all opposition to the government be ruthlessly crushed and viewed liberal ideas as constitutions and free press as a threat to the state. Height: in centimeters - N/A: Weight: in kg - N/A: Eye Color: N/A: Hair Color: N/A: Blood Type: N/A: Tattoo(s) N/A: Alexander III of Russia. Alexander III of Russiais the 208thmost popular politician(up from 244th in 2019), the 28thmost popular biography from Russia(up from 34th in 2019)and the 12thmost popular RussianPolitician. After many mistakes and disappointments, the army reached Constantinople and the Treaty of San Stefano was signed, but much that had been obtained by that important document had to be sacrificed at the Congress of Berlin. After the assassination of Alexander II in 1881, his son became successor and was now Alexander III Emperor of Russia, and was viewed as being more radical than his father had been. With a deep insight into the tsar's moods and views, Girs was usually able to shape the final decisions by outmaneuvering hostile journalists, ministers, and even the Tsarina, as well as his own ambassadors. He imposed the Russian language and Russian schools on his German, Polish, and Finnish subjects, and gave orders for persecuting the Jews and destroying the German, Polish, and Swedish institutions in the Russian provinces. . It was believed that he had, barring assassination, many years left to his reign. [citation needed] Girs was an architect of the Franco-Russian Alliance of 1891, which was later expanded into the Triple Entente with the addition of Great Britain. He died in the arms of his wife, and in the presence of his physician, Ernst Viktor von Leyden, at Maly Palace in Livadia on the afternoon of 1 November[O.S. Historians still debate Alexander's role in his father's murder. Ironically, Alexander III was not born heir to the Russian throne. Despite the antipathy that Alexander had towards his stepmother, Catherine Dolgorukov, he nevertheless allowed her to remain in the Winter Palace for some time after his father's assassination and to retain various keepsakes of him. On 18 November 2017, Vladimir Putin unveiled a bronze monument to Alexander III on the site of the former Maly Livadia Palace in Crimea. Alexander III of Russia was the emperor of Russia from 1881 to 1894. To his credit, as a husband and a father he was greatly successful. As a young man he was madly in love with his mother's lady-in-waiting, Princess Maria Elimovna Meshcherskaya and wanted to marry her. On his deathbed, Nicholas allegedly expressed the wish that his fiance, Princess Dagmar of Denmark, should marry Alexander. In October 1888 the Imperial train derailed while the Tsar and his family were eating in the dining car. At a time when the Russian government should have begun adjusting itself to the changing realities of the 19th Century, Alexander instead clung to and strengthened the autocracy. Alexander III (1845-1894) was emperor of Russia from 1881 to 1894. We conducted nine more studies with nearly 5,500 participants, mostly . "Konstantin Petrovich PobedonostsevMan and Politician". Alexander III Of Russia detail biography, family, facts and date of birth. "[40] When she left his side, he missed her bitterly and complained: "My sweet darling Minny, for five years we've never been apart and Gatchina is empty and sad without you. When he became tsar, he reflected that no one had such an impact on my life as my dear brother and friend Nixa [Nicholas]"[9] and lamented that "a terrible responsibility fell on my shoulders" when Nicholas died. He was the embodiment of the fabled Russian bear. During the years of his reign Russia was not involved in even a single major war. Upon taking the throne, Alexander began to undo the liberal reforms which had been enacted over the course of . When Witte suggested that Nicholas participate in the Trans-Siberian Committee, Alexander said, Have you ever tried to discuss anything of consequence with His Imperial Highness the Grand Duke? It was a look as cold as steel, in which there was something threatening, even frightening, and it struck me like a blow. Biography: Alexander III was Emperor of Russia from 1881 until his death from kidney disease in 1894. These included Alexander II's blood-soaked uniform that he died wearing, and his reading glasses. Autocratic rule was established at a time in Russian history when the nation was illiterate, uneducated, and attacked from foreign powers on all sides. He was known for being a conservative leader who went back on many of the liberal . This event would solidify the reactionary tone of his 13-year reign. "[6], Unlike his extroverted wife, Alexander disliked social functions and avoided St. Petersburg. His reign is often referred to as the Age of Counter Reform. Alexander and his father became estranged due to their different political views. When Alexander III came to the throne in 1881, Russia had already faced financial reforms, a public budget, a new motion of judicial independence and trial by jury . 20 October] 1894. His father, Alexander II, appointed the historian K. P. Pobedonostsev to tutor the heir apparent in Russian history and law in 1861. He also patronized Eastern Orthodoxy and destroyed German, Polish, and Swedish cultural and religious institutions. Copyright 2023 Bob Atchison. Nonetheless, in 1892 and 1893, many agricultural areas across the country were hit with famine. Alexander III, however, had no such luxury. In fact, it turned out that the new Emperor did not share the views of his deceased father and was glad to negate many of the latter's liberal reforms. Maximize your time in St. Petersburg with tours expertly tailored to your interests. Upon succeeding the throne on the death of his father, Emperor Alexander II of Russia, he reversed some of the liberal reforms his father had implemented during his reign. ", I. Michael Aronson, "The Prospects for the Emancipation of Russian Jewry during the 1880s.". He was known as "The Peasants Tsar", and because of his size was always viewed as larger than life. Liberals do not By Jer Clifton on March 1, 2023 . Upon succeeding the throne on the death of his father, Emperor Alexander II of Russia, he reversed some of the liberal reforms his father had implemented during his reign. The new tsar was horrified by the murder of his father but not altogether surprised. Omissions? Encouraged by its successful assassination of Alexander II, the Narodnaya Volya movement began planning the murder of Alexander III. On the day of his assassination, Alexander II signed an ukaz setting up consultative commissions to advise the monarch. Alexanders father, Emperor Alexander II of Russia, was assassinated on 1 March 1881 and as a result he ascended to the Russian imperial throne as Alexander III of Russia. His straightforward, abrupt manner savoured sometimes of gruffness, while his direct, unadorned method of expressing himself harmonized well with his rough-hewn, immobile features and somewhat sluggish movements. Aleksandr III Aleksandrovich; 10 March 1845 - 1 November 1894) [1] was Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 13 March 1881 until his death in 1894. Although an enthusiastic amateur musician and patron of the ballet, Alexander was seen as lacking refinement and elegance. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). He worked to strengthen and modernize Russia's armed forces while avoiding armed conflict and improve Russia's standing as a world power. Age, Height & Body Measurements. He wanted to create a nation that was composed of a single nationality, language, and religion, as well as one form of administration. At the moment of the crash, the imperial family was in the dining car. In October 1866 Alexander married the Danish Princess Dagmar. His straightforward manner savoured sometimes of gruffness, while his unadorned method of expressing himself harmonized well with his rough-hewn immobile features. Born: St.Petersburg, 26 February (10 March) 1845Died: Livadiya, 20 October (1 November) 1894Reigned: 1881-1894. Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich (the future Emperor Alexander III) was the second son of Alexander II and the Empress Maria Alexandrovna. [citation needed] Alexander resented having to take refuge at Gatchina. In 1866 Alexander married the daughter of King Christian IX of Denmark, Dagmar (Marie Sophie Frederikke Dagmar), who had been his late brother's fiancee. Enraged, Alexander II ordered him to go straight to Denmark and propose to Princess Dagmar. "[53] This tension was reflected in the rivalry between Maria Feodorovna and Vladimir's wife, Grand Duchess Marie Pavlovna.[54]. Forceful, formidable, fiercely patriotic, and at 6' 4" towered over his fellow countrymen. At the same time a promise was made to continue Alexander II's reforms. Alexander III, Russian in full Aleksandr Aleksandrovich, (born March 10 [February 26, Old Style], 1845, St. Petersburg, Russiadied November 1 [October 20, Old Style], 1894, Livadiya, Crimea), emperor of Russia from 1881 to 1894, opponent of representative government, and supporter of Russian nationalism. It yielded six children including the future Nicholas II. Xenia and Olga were able to escape Russia along with their mother during the Revolution. Aleksandr III Aleksandrovich; 10 March 1845 1 November 1894)[1] was Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 13 March 1881 until his death in 1894. [57][self-published source]. One cannot fault Alexander's reaction to his father's death. [38] Under heavy guard, he would make occasional visits into St. Petersburg, but even then he would stay in the Anichkov Palace, as opposed to the Winter Palace. The antagonism between father and son first appeared publicly during the Franco-German War, when the tsar sympathized with Prussia and the tsarevich Alexander with the French. History is blessed with perfect hindsight. Alexander rejected foreign influence, German influence in particular, thus the adoption of local national principles was deprecated in all spheres of official activity, with a view to realizing his ideal of a Russia homogeneous in language, administration and religion. On May 11 (April 29, Old Style), 1881, Pobedonostsev published a manifesto, written without the ministers' knowledge, in which the emperor described himself as "chosen to defend" autocratic power. Coronation of Maria Fyodorovna and Alexander III, Emperor Alexander III with his wife and children, The dining car and grand-ducal wagon of the Russian Imperial train after the accident on 17 October 1888, The body of Tsar Alexander III in his chair with Empress Maria Fedorovna alongside (from the album. At first the tsarevich was more Slavophile than the government, but he was disabused of his illusions during the Russo-Turkish War of 187778, when he commanded the left wing of the invading army. Alexander had six children by Dagmar, five of whom survived into adulthood: Nicholas (b. [64][65] Alexander III is believed to be one of Putin's admired historic leaders, along with Joseph Stalin. He was known to be highly conservative and a staunch supporter of Russian nationalism. Though he was destined to be a strongly counter-reforming emperor, Alexander had little prospect of succeeding to the throne during the first two decades of his life, as he had an elder brother, Nicholas, who seemed of robust constitution. [10] On 9 November[O.S. Alexander III of Russia is best remembered as a man of peace. He was known to be highly conservative and a staunch supporter of Russian nationalism. Together, Alexander III and Empress Marie had five children. Alexandra's sister became the wife of Czar Alexander III and their son Nicholas became the last Czar, murdered by the Bolsheviks in 1918. . . [2] He was highly reactionary and reversed some of the liberal reforms of his father, Alexander II. Alexander was an avid collector of art, and in this matter he was only rivaled by Catherine the Great. Foreign investment within the country was at an all time high. Construction began on the Trans-Siberian Railway. Never consulted on political questions, Alexander confined himself to military duties and fulfilled them in a conscientious and unobtrusive manner. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. At the height of the Russian revolution a plan was . Bound by duty, he left his lady-love and married Princess Dagmar of Denmark (later known as Maria Feodorovna) in 1866 in the Imperial Chapel of the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg. "[49], Each summer his parents-in-law, King Christian IX and Queen Louise, held family reunions at the Danish royal palaces of Fredensborg and Bernstorff, bringing Alexander, Maria and their children to Denmark. Alexander III; Nicholas II. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [58] By the time that they reached Crimea, they stayed at the Maly Palace in Livadia, as Alexander was too weak to travel any farther. Their second child, George, was born in 1871 followed by Xenia (1871), Michael (1878) and Olga (1882). Alexander would get married and have a son named Nicholas. [4], Alexander was extremely strong. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. He adopted programs, based on the concepts of Orthodoxy, autocracy, and narodnost (a belief in the Russian people), that included the Russification of national minorities in the Russian Empire as well as persecution of the non-Orthodox religious groups. Its roof collapsed, and Alexander held its remains on his shoulders as the children fled outdoors. In the last years of his reign, Alexander II had been much disturbed by the spread of nihilist conspiracies. 20 October] 1894. "The Orthodox Church in the Baltic Region and the Policies of Alexander Ill's Government. These agreements defined Russian boundaries and restored equilibrium to dangerously unstable situations. Alexander had better relationships with his other brothers: Alexei (who he made rear admiral and then a grand admiral of the Russian Navy), Sergei (who he made governor of Moscow) and Paul. However, when his elder brother Nicolasthe heir apparentdied at a young age, Alexander became the heir apparent to succeed his father. He proved himself to be an autocratic ruler who prided himself on being a true Russian patriot. In his childhood, he had had an unpleasant experience on a bad-tempered mount. During his years as heir apparentfrom 1865 to 1881Alexander let it be known that certain of his ideas did not coincide with the principles of the existing government. Bound by duty, he left his lady-love and married Princess Dagmar of Denmark (later known as Maria Feodorovna) in 1866 in the Imperial Chapel of the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg. Immediately after ascending the throne, Alexander promulgated a manifesto entitled "On the Inviolability of Autocracy." The most dramatic success came in 1885, settling long-standing tensions with Great Britain, which was fearful that Russian expansion to the south would be a threat to India. [52] Alexander was so furious that he temporarily exiled Vladimir and his wife and threatened to exile them permanently to Siberia if they did not leave immediately. This Russian Revolution site contains articles, sources and perspectives on events in Russia between 1891 and 1927. Pobedonostsev instilled into the young man's mind the belief that zeal for Russian Orthodox thought was an essential factor of Russian patriotism to be cultivated by every right-minded emperor. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. . Then he started studying the principles of law and administration under Konstantin Pobedonostsev. Alexander III of Russia, Tsar of Russia, was born 10 March 1845 in Saint Petersburg, Russia to Alexander II of Russia (1818-1881) and Maria von Hessen und bei Rhein (1824-1880) and died 1 November 1894 Livadia Palace Livadiya, Russia of nephritis. All of Alexander III's internal reforms aimed to reverse the liberalization that had occurred in his father's reign. The crown passed to his son, Nicholas, who Alexander had privately expressed was unsuited for leadership. Web Design Austin, Boy who Dreamed of a Palace - Bob Atchison, 1923 American Interview with Patriarch Tikhon, Aurochs! Alexander Alexandrovich Romanov was born in the Winter Palace in St Petersburg, the second son of Tsar Alexander II. His father had been a soft-hearted, liberal ruler and Alexander III was nothing like him in disposition. In later years I came into contact with the Emperor on several occasions, and I felt not the slightest bit timid. Alexander III was born in Saint Petersburg on March 10, 1845. We can find you a suitable interpreter for your negotiations, research or other needs. On March 1, 1881, on the eve of the signing into law Russia's first constitution, two assassins threw bombs at the Tsar's carriage in St. Petersburg. [32], Despite chilly relations with Berlin, the Tsar nevertheless confined himself to keeping a large number of troops near the German frontier. The couple spent their wedding night at the Tsarevich's private dacha known as "My Property". Influenced by his Danish wife Dagmar, Alexander criticized the "shortsighted government" for helping the "Prussian pigs". During his reign the autocracy stabilized and dissent was forced underground. He was a conscientious commander, but he was mortified when most of what Russia had obtained by the Treaty of San Stefano was taken away at the Congress of Berlin under the chairmanship of the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck. However, during a trip to Europe, Nicholas unexpectedly fell ill with meningitis and died in Nice, and Alexander, to his own surprise, became heir to the throne. He encouraged trade and commerce and took steps to revive Russias economy which had suffered a major setback after the Russian-Turkish war of 18771878. It was also Pobedonostsev that taught Alexander III to be anti-Semitic and view the Jewish community of the Empire as "Christ Killers". They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The tsesarevich Nikolay, on his deathbed, had expressed a wish that his fiance, Princess Dagmar of Denmark, thenceforward known as Maria Fyodorovna, should marry his successor. 1878) and Olga (b. [1] . 17 October]1888 the Imperial train derailed in an accident at Borki. For more information, visit our FAQ page or Terms of Use. After Alexander died, his heir Nicholas continued the tradition and commissioned two eggs, one for his wife, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, and one for his mother, Dagmar, every Easter. He wanted the country to remain true to Russian Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality, and took drastic steps to prevent revolutionary agitations. When she nursed him in his final illness, Alexander told Dagmar, "Even before my death, I have got to known an angel. He was succeeded by his eldest son who took the throne as Nicholas II. [37], Following his father's assassination, Alexander III was advised that it would be difficult for him to be kept safe at the Winter Palace. Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia remembered hearing Alexander say, To think that after having faced the guns of the Turks I must retreat now before these skunks. Alexander III, Tsar of Russia, reigned from 1881 to 1894. In return for the Russian support which had enabled him to create the German Empire,[35] it was thought that he would help Russia to solve the Eastern question in accordance with Russian interests, but to the surprise and indignation of the cabinet of Saint Petersburg he confined himself to acting the part of "honest broker" at the Congress, and shortly afterwards contracted an alliance with Austria-Hungary for the purpose of counteracting Russian designs in Eastern Europe. Most of his 13-year-rule was spent seeking to strengthen autocracy. [8], The Tsesarevich could refer to these results as confirmation of the views he had expressed during the Franco-Prussian War; he concluded that for Russia, the best thing was to recover as quickly as possible from her temporary exhaustion, and prepare for future contingencies by military and naval reorganization. Outside of politics, Alexander was additionally known for a striking appearance, with an American historian later noting how he stood out as being a "tall, heavy-set man, of enormous muscular strength." The four-meter monument by Russian sculptor Andrey Kovalchuk depicts Alexander III sitting on a stump, his stretched arms resting on a sabre. He had long viewed the reforms of the mid-19th century as too liberal and permissive. It reappeared in an intermittent fashion during the years 187579, when the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire posed serious problems for Europe. The terrible fate of the latter produced an awful impression upon Alexander, but instead of continuing the reforms of the "Czar-Emancipator," as was expected, heat once gave . The union proved a happy one to the end; unlike nearly all of his predecessors since Peter I, there was no adultery in his marriage. In order to achieve this goal, he implemented a stringent policy of Russification of national minorities. 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